Atmospheric Corrosion

Complete with appendices discussing experimental techniques, computer models, and the degradation of specific metals, this book presents a comprehensive look at atmospheric corrosion, combining expertise in corrosion science and atmospheric chem.

A Conceptual Picture of Atmospheric Corrosion 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Initial Stages of Atmospheric Corrosion 2.2.1 Surface Hydroxylation 2.2.2 Adsorption and Absorption of Water 2.3 Intermediate Stages of Atmospheric Corrosion 2.3.1 Gas Deposition 2.3.2 Change in Liquid Layer Chemistry 2.3.3 Proton- and Ligand-induced Metal Dissolution 2.3.4 Ion Pairing 2.3.5 Photosensitivity 2.3.6 Nucleation of Corrosion Products 2.4 Final Stages of Atmospheric Corrosion 2.4.1 Coalescence of Corrosion Products 2.4.2 Aging and Thickening of Corrosion Products Further Reading 3.

A Multi-Regime Perspective on Atmospheric Corrosion 3.1 Introduction to Moist-Layer Chemistry 3.2 The Gaseous Regime 3.3 The Interface Regime 3.4 The Liquid Regime 3.5 The Deposition Regime 3.6 The Electrodic Regime 3.7 The Solid Regime 3.8 The Multi-Regime Perspective Further Reading 4.

Atmospheric Gases and Their Involvement in Corrosion 4.1 Chemical Species of Interest 4.2 Atmospheric Corrosive Gases 4.2.1 Carbon Dioxide 4.2.2 Ozone 4.2.3 Ammonia 4.2.4 Nitrogen Dioxide 4.2.5 Hydrogen Sulfide 4.2.6 Sulfur Dioxide 4.2.7 Hydrogen Chloride 4.2.8 Organic Acids 4.2.9 Corrosive species in Aerosol Particles and Precipitation 4.3 Historic Trends in Atmospheric Corrosive Gas Concentrations 4.3.1 Carbon Dioxide 4.3.2 Ozone 4.3.3 Ammonia 4.3.4 Nitrogen Dioxide 4.3.5 Hydrogen Sulfide 4.3.6 Sulfur Dioxide 4.3.7 Hydrogen Chloride 4.3.8 Organic Acids 4.3.9 Summary of Historic Trends 4.4 Predicted Future Emissions of Corrosive Species Further Reading 5.

Atmospheric Particles and their Involvement in Corrosion 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Chemical Species of Interest 5.3 Sources of Atmospheric Aerosol Particles 5.4 Aerosol Particle Physics and Chemistry 5.5 Implications of Aerosol Particles for Atmospheric Corrosion Further Reading 6.

Corrosion in Laboratory Exposures 6.1 The Need for Well Defined Laboratory Experiments 6.2 Considerations for Specific Metals 6.3 Design Considerations 6.3.1 Exposure Chamber 6.3.2 Sample Preparation 6.3.3 Relative Humidity 6.3.4 Temperature 6.3.5 Exposure Time 6.3.6 Corrosive Substances 6.3.7 Delivery of Corrosive Substances 6.3.8 Corrosion Effect Measurements 6.4 Examples of Important Laboratory Exposures 6.4.1 Laboratory Exposures for Scientific Purposes 6.4.2 Laboratory Exposures for Industrial Applications 6.5 Can Corrosion Processes in the Field be Reasonably Simulated by Laboratory Experiments? 6.6 Computational Model Studies of SO2-Induced Atmospheric Corrosion of Copper 6.6.1 Copper Corrosion Induced by SO2 6.6.2 Copper Corrosion Induced by SO2+O3 or SO2+NO2 6.6.3 Anodic and Cathodic Reactions in the GILDES Model 6.7 Summary.

Further Reading 7. Corrosion in Indoor Exposures 7.1 General Characteristics of Indoor Environments 7.1.1 Relative Humidity and Temperature 7.1.2 Deposition Velocity 7.1.3 Atmospheric Gases 7.1.4 Atmospheric Particles 7.2 The Interplay between Pollutants and Corrosion Rates 7.3 Corrosion Rates 7.3.1 Measurements of Indoor Corrosion Rates 7.3.2 Corrosion Kinetics 7.3.3 Corrosion Rate Data 7.4 Indoor Corrosion Products 7.5 Indoor Environmental Classification 7.6 An Example of Indoor Corrosion: Metal Artifacts 7.7 Summary Further Reading 8.

Corrosion in Outdoor Exposures 8.1 The Effect of Exposure Conditions 8.2 Design Considerations 8.2.1 Selection of Exposure Site and Instrumentation 8.2.2 Specimens and Specimen Mounting 8.2.3 Specimen Removal and Corrosion Evaluation 8.3 Influence of Exposure Parameters 8.3.1 The Complex Interplay 8.3.2 Time of Wetness 8.3.3 Temperature 8.3.4 Rain Shelter 8.3.5 Sheltered and Unsheltered Outdoor Exposure: An Example for Zinc 8.3.6 Corrosion Rates 8.3.7 Nitrogen Dioxide and Ozone 8.4 Dose-Response Functions 8.4.1 Determination and Estimation of Corrosion Rates 8.4.2 Dose-Response Functions for Estimating Corrosivity Categories 8.4.3 Dose-Response Functions for the SO2 Dominating Situation 8.4.4 Dose-Response Functions for the Multi-Pollutant Situation 8.5 Summary Further Reading 9.

Advanced Stages of Corrosion 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Evolution of Corrosion Products on Zinc 9.2.1 Chloride-Dominated Sheltered Exposure 9.2.2 Sulfate-Dominated Sheltered Exposure 9.2.3 Unsheltered Exposure 9.3 Evolution of Corrosion Products on Copper 9.3.1 Sulfate-Dominated Sheltered Exposure 9.3.2 Chloride-Dominated Sheltered Exposure 9.3.3 Unsheltered Exposure 9.3.4 Other Patina Constituents 9.4 Evolution of Corrosion Products on Carbon Steel 9.5 Evolution of Corrosion Products on Aluminum 9.5 Summary Further Reading 10.

Applied Atmospheric Corrosion: Electronic Devices 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Corrosion-Induced Failures of Contacts and Connectors 11.3 Corrosion-Induced Failures of Integrated Circuits 11.4 Accelerated Tests of Electronics 11.5 Classification of Environments with Respect to Corrosivity 11.6 Methods of Protection 11.6.1 Selection of Materials and Design of Components 11.6.2 Manufacture, Transport, and Storage 11.6.3 Installation and Service Further Reading 12.

Applied Atmospheric Co

Environmental Dispersion of Metals from Corroded Outdoor Constructions 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Metal Dispersion (Runoff) -- Atmospheric Corrosion 10.3 Time-Dependent Aspects and Importance of Rain and Environmental Conditions 10.4 Influence of Construction Geometry on the Metal Runoff and Runoff Rate Predictions 10.5 Environmental Fate and Speciation – Importance for Risk Assessment and Management Further Reading 11.