Engineering tools for environmental risk management: I

Preface List of abbreviations About the editors 1 Environmental problems -An overview K. GRUIZ1 Introduction 2 Ecosystem 3 Ecosystem and man: Ecosystem services 4 Extension and time frame of environmental risks and their management 5 Environmental compartments: Air, water, and soil 6 Deteriorated ecosystems in general 6.1 Damage in the ecosystem's provisioning services 6.2 Damage in the ecosystem's regulating services 6.3 Damage in the ecosystem's habitat services 6.4 Nature and biodiversity protection 6.5 Invasive species 6.6 Urban ecosystems 2 Threat by chemical substances: Legislation, production, use and waste K. GRUIZ1 Introduction 2 Production and use of chemical substances world-wide 3 Risk of hazardous chemicals during their whole life cycle 4 Regulation of chemical substances in Europe4.1 GHS pictograms and hazard categories 4.2 European Regulatory Framework 5 Which are the most dangerous chemical substances? 5.1 Practical grouping of environment-contaminating chemicals 5.2 Pesticides 5.3 Biocides 5.4 Cosmetics 6 Carcinogens 7 Mutagens 8 Reprotoxic substances 9 Pollutants of emerging concern 3 Abandoned and contaminated land K. GRUIZ1 Deteriorated land and contaminated soil: An introduction 2 Contaminated land 3 Typical soil contaminants 4 Soil deterioration other than contamination 5 Some European facts 4 Environmental risk of chemical agriculture A. ANTON, G. FEKETE, B. DARVAS & A. SZÉKÁCS1 Introduction to the risk of chemicals in agriculture 2 Regulation of pesticides in the European union 3 Environmental impacts of fertilizers and pesticides 3.1 Environmental impacts of fertilizers 3.2 Environmental impacts of pesticides 4 Output intensity of agrochemicals 5 Sustainable agriculture 5 Environmental risk of mining E. VASZITA1 Environmental problems caused by mining: An introduction 2 Nonrenewable resources 2.1 Oil and gas production ...

2.2 Coal, ore and nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying 2.2.1 Extraction 2.2.2 Mineral processing 3 Environmental impacts 4 Mining production data 5 Managing environmental risk of mining 6 Environmental problems caused by mine accidents 6.1 The Stava tailings dam failure 6.2 The Los Frailes tailings dam failure 6.3 The Baia Mare cyanide spill 6.4 The red mud catastrophe at the Ajka bauxite processing plant 7 Towards more sustainable mining 6 Environmental risk of waste and its management K. GRUIZ & O. KLEBERCZ1 The waste problem and its management: An introduction 2 European waste legislation 3 Waste classification and consequent duties 4 Waste management hierarchy 5 Waste statistics for Europe 6 Waste evaluation: Environmental risks and benefits 7 Life cycle thinking should be integrated with environmental risk assessment of chemicals 7 Management of abandoned and contaminated land Y. SPIRA, K. GRUIZ, N. UZINGER & A. ANTON1 European action programs in aid of the management of contaminated land 2 Thematic strategy and the upcoming soil framework directive in Europe 3 Research and development on soil at EU level 4 Basic theory of contaminated land management 5 Risk-based management of degraded and contaminated land in Europe 5.1 Problem definition and conceptual risk model of contaminated sites 5.2 Risk assessment of contaminated land 5.3 Risk reduction and remediation of contaminated land 5.4 Management is more than assessing and reducing risk 8 Environmental risks and impacts K. GRUIZ1 Introduction 2 Environmental management at company level 3 Managing the environment in general 4 Managing the risk of projects, plans and programs 5 Life cycle approach for environmental management 6 Integrated and risk based management of the environment 7 Environmental efficiency, eco-efficiency and sustainability 8 How to manage the environment efficiently? 9.

Environmental management of chemical substances and polluted land 9.1 Environmental legislation in the context of chemical pollution 9.2 Environmental monitoring 9.3 Risk assessment 9.4 Risk reduction measures 10 Increasing efficiency of environmental management 11 Decision making and decision-support tools 9 Risk management of chemicals and contaminated land - from planning to verification K. GRUIZ, B. SÁRA & E. VASZITA1 Introduction, definitions 1.1 Risk management and RMOs 2 Phases of environmental risk management and decision making 2.1 Assessment phase of ERM 2.1.1 Types of problems and their assessment 2.2 Assessment of the problem before implementing a risk management measure 2.2.1 Chemical substances, products, wastes 2.2.2 Contaminated land and waste disposal sites 2.3 Selection and planning of the RMO 2.4 Implementation and maintenance phase 2.5 Retrospective evaluation of the applied RMO 2.5.1 Verification of the environmental technology and the risk management measure 2.5.2 Technology verification as a regulatory tool 3 Necessary information for ERA, SEA and LCA 4 Environmental risk assessment of chemicals and contaminated land 4.1 Environmental risk assessment 4.1.1 Qualitative RA 4.1.2 Quantitative RA 4.2 Generic and site-specific quantitative ERA4.3 ERA of contaminated land 4.4 Special risk management measures for ecological areas 4.5 Environmental risk assessment tools 4.6 Uncertainties in environmental risk assessment 4.7 Risk communication 5 Life cycle assessment 5.1 Concept of LCA 5.2 Methods and tools 5.3 Application trends 5.4 Application of LCA for contaminated land management 5.5 Integration of LCA and ERA 6 Socio-economic assessment for environmental management and decision making 6.1 Traditional forms of socio-economic assessment 6.1.1 Cost effectiveness analysis (CEA) 6.1.2 Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) 6.2 Multi-criteria.

Analysis (MCA) 6.3 Social impact assessment 7 Environmental technology verification (ETV) 7.1 ETV in the world 7.1.1 ETV in the US 7.1.2 ETV in Canada 7.2 EU policy: ETAP 7.2.1 About ETAP 7.2.2 Necessity, principle and role of an EU ETV7.2.3 The ETV pilot program 10 Site-specific risk assessment and management of point and diffuse sources K. GRUIZ, E. VASZITA & A. CLEMENT1 Introduction 2 Characteristics and differences between point and diffuse sources 2.1 Pollution sources 2.1.1 Definitions 2.1.2 Typical pollution sources 2.2 Origin of point and diffuse pollution 2.2.1 Point sources and point-source pollution 2.2.2 Diffuse pollution from point and diffuse sources 2.3 Characterization of point and diffuse pollution 2.3.1 Characteristics of point sources 2.3.2 Characteristics of diffuse pollution sources 3 Different risk management approaches for point and diffuse pollution 3.1 Management of point source pollution 3.2 Management of diffuse pollution 4 Transport modeling for point and diffuse sources 4.1 Transport and fate modeling of point source pollution 4.2 GIS-based watershed-scale transport and risk modeling of diffuse pollution 4.2.1 Emitted amount from diffuse sources and the risk management concept 4.2.2 Model calibration using the RRR rate of the watershed 4.2.3 GIS transport model types 4.2.4 Combined approach for watershed-scale transport and fate modeling of diffuse pollution 4.3 Site-specific target value for point and diffuse sources 4.3.1 Setting the target value and its application to point sources 4.3.2 Setting the target emission from diffuse sources and planning risk reduction at watershed scale 5 Assessment and management of diffuse sources from agriculture 5.1 General characterization of agricultural diffuse pollution 5.2 Measures to reduce diffuse pollution from agriculture 6 Assessment and management of diffuse sources from.

Mining 6.1 General characterization of diffuse pollution from mining 6.2 Risk management approach of diffuse pollution from mining 6.3 Conceptual risk model of diffuse pollution from base metal ore mining 6.4 Modeling of the fate and transport of diffuse pollution from mining 6.5 Measures to reduce diffuse pollution from mining 7 Conclusions about the site-specific risk assessment and management for point and diffuse sources 11 Scientific and engineering improvement of environmental risk management K. GRUIZ1 Introduction 2 Technological efficiency of environmental risk management 3 Innovation is the driving force for the improvement of environmental risk management 4 Technology demonstration is the key element of the market entry of innovations 5 Innovative concepts in environmental risk management 5.1 More than risk-based environmental management 5.2 Eco-efficiency and sustainability in environmental risk management and decision making 5.3 Innovative environmental data acquisition, evaluation and interpretation 6 Efficient characterization of contaminated land 7 Trends in environmental risk and impact assessment - life cycle thinking 8 Innovative risk reduction technologies 9 Data, information and knowledge in environmental decision making 10 Uncertainty and variability in ERM 11 What is necessary to further develop risk management and increase its efficiency? 12 Managing environmental knowledge and the necessary IT tools Z. SIKI & K. GRUIZ1 Introduction 2 The example of the environmental information (ENFO) knowledge base2.1 The objective of the ENFO knowledge base 2.2 The structure and content of the ENFO knowledge base 3 The informatics background of the ENFO knowledge base 3.1 IT tools used for creating the ENFO knowledge base 3.2 The developed applications Subject index Preface.