Geothermal Water Management

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- About the book series -- Editorial board -- Table of contents -- List of contributors -- Editors' foreword -- About the editors -- Acknowledgements -- Section I Resources, geochemical properties and environmental implications of geothermal water -- 1. A global assessment of geothermal resources -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Definitions and classification of geothermal resources -- 1.2.1 Definitions of geothermal energy and geothermal resources -- 1.2.2 Classification of geothermal resources -- 1.3 Methods of regional assessment of geothermal resources -- 1.3.1 Volume method of resource assessment -- 1.3.2 Economic evaluation of hydrogeothermal aquifers -- 1.4 New concepts of geothermal resources classification -- 1.5 Results of geothermal resources assessment -- 1.5.1 World geothermal resources -- 1.5.2 European geothermal resources -- 1.5.3 Polish geothermal resources -- 2. Reinjection of cooled water back into a reservoir -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Mathematical model for assessing the conditions for injecting water into a rock formation -- 2.2.1 Estimation of power and energy demand associated with reinjection -- 2.2.2 Estimation of required pressure for reinjection -- 2.2.3 Heat transfer between saline water and the geological medium in the vicinity of the absorption well -- 2.3 Injection of saline water into rock formation -- 2.3.1 Parameters of water and borehole construction -- 2.3.2 Dynamics of the clogging process in the active area -- 2.4 Summary -- 3. Geothermal and hydrogeological conditions, geochemical properties and uses of geothermal waters of the Slovakia -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Geological structure -- 3.2.1 Inner Carpathians -- 3.2.2 Outer Carpathians -- 3.3 Characteristics of geothermal bodies -- 3.4 Geothermal waters' chemical composition

3.5 Abstraction and thermal energy potential of geothermal waters -- 4. Resources, geochemical features and environmental implications of the geothermal waters in the continental rift zone of the Büyük Menderes, Western Anatolia, Turkey -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Geologic setting -- 4.3 Hydrogeology and hydrogeochemistry -- 4.3.1 Hydrogeology -- 4.3.2 Hydrogeochemistry -- 4.3.3 Isotope geochemistry -- 4.4 Resources and geothermal potential -- 4.4.1 Kızıldere -- 4.4.2 Salavatlı -- 4.4.3 Germencik -- 4.4.4 Other geothermal reservoirs -- 4.5 Environmental implications -- 4.5.1 Water quality and use -- 4.5.2 Air emissions -- 4.5.3 Land use -- 4.5.4 Life-cycle global warming emissions -- 4.6 Model of the geothermal waters in the rift zone of the Büyük Menderes -- Section II Treatment of geothermal water for reuse -- 5. Analytical procedures for ion quantification supporting water treatment processes -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Groundwater sampling -- 5.3 Quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) program -- 5.3.1 Laboratory QA/QC program -- 5.3.2 Field QA/QC program -- 5.4 QA/QC program in geothermal water monitoring - the case of Bańska PGP-1 well (Bańska Niżna, Poland) -- 5.4.1 Characteristics of the study object -- 5.4.2 Laboratory QA/QC program -- 5.4.3 Field QA/QC program -- 5.5 Summary -- 6. Treatment of geothermal waters for industrial and agricultural purposes -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Geothermal potential of Turkey -- 6.3 Main utilization areas of geothermal energy -- 6.4 Environmental issues -- 6.5 Chemistry of geothermal fluids -- 6.5.1 Toxic elements in geothermal water -- 6.5.1.1 Arsenic -- 6.5.1.2 Boron -- 6.5.1.3 Mercury -- 6.6 Treatment of geothermal water -- 6.6.1 Boron removal from geothermal water -- 6.6.1.1 Boron removal by solvent extraction -- 6.6.1.2 Boron removal by coagulation and electrocoagulation

6.6.1.3 Boron removal by adsorption -- 6.6.1.4 Boron removal by ion-exchange -- 6.6.1.5 Boron removal by membrane processes -- 6.6.2 Arsenic removal from geothermal water -- 7. Removal of boron and arsenic from geothermal water by ion-exchange -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Removal of boron from geothermal water by ion-exchange -- 7.2.1 Toxicity of boron -- 7.2.2 Boron removal methods -- 7.2.2.1 Removal of boron by ion-exchange -- 7.2.2.2 Removal of boron by sorption-membrane filtration hybrid method -- 7.2.2.3 Novel sorbents for boron removal from geothermal water -- 7.3 Removal of arsenic from geothermal water by ion-exchange -- 7.3.1 Toxicity of arsenic -- 7.3.2 Methods of arsenic removal -- 7.3.2.1 Removal of arsenic by ion-exchange -- 8. Membrane techniques in the treatment of geothermal water for fresh and potable water production -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Desalination methods -- 8.2.1 Thermal methods -- 8.2.2 Reverse osmosis (RO) -- 8.2.2.1 The basis of the RO process -- 8.2.2.2 Water desalination by means of RO -- 8.2.2.3 The pretreatment of raw water for RO desalination -- 8.2.2.4 Membranes -- 8.2.2.5 Membrane modules -- 8.2.2.6 Energy recovery -- 8.2.2.7 Final treatment of desalinated water -- 8.2.3 Electrodialysis -- 8.2.4 Membrane distillation -- 8.2.5 Forward osmosis -- 8.3 Concentrate utilization -- 8.4 Integrated desalination systems -- 8.4.1 Integration of reverse osmosis with thermal methods -- 8.4.2 Hybrid systems with nanofiltration -- 8.4.3 Hybrid systems with ion-exchange/electrodeionization -- 8.5 The consideration of energy issues in water desalination -- 8.5.1 Energy consumption -- 8.5.2 The use of renewable energy sources -- 8.5.2.1 Wind energy -- 8.5.2.2 Solar energy -- 8.5.2.3 Hybrid systems of wind and solar energy -- 8.5.2.4 Geothermal energy

8.5.2.5 The comparison of various desalination technologies supplied by renewable energy -- 8.6 Economic analyses of desalination processes -- 8.7 Final remarks -- 9. Review of direct discharge and recovery of reverse osmosis concentrates -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Global desalination overview -- 9.3 RO desalination: characteristics and drawbacks -- 9.4 RO concentrates: influence of production site -- 9.5 Adverse effects of current RO concentrate management options -- 9.6 Treatment technologies of RO concentrates: review -- 10. Geothermal water treatment in Poland -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Characteristics of geothermal waters -- 10.2.1 Waters of the Podhale geothermal system -- 10.2.2 Lower Cretaceous geothermal waters in the Polish Lowlands -- 10.3 Research methodology -- 10.3.1 Apparatus -- 10.3.2 Water desalination and treatment procedure -- 10.3.3 Physico-chemical, microbiological and radiological analysis -- 10.4 Results and discussion -- 10.4.1 Permeate test results -- 10.4.1.1 Retentate test results -- 10.5 Conclusions -- Section III The uses of geothermal water in agriculture -- 11. Coupling geothermal direct heat with agriculture -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Sustainability by integrating geothermal options into agriculture -- 11.3 Geothermal direct heat applications -- 11.3.1 Heating/cooling of spaces, buildings, and water -- 11.3.2 Drying of crops, fruits, grains and animal products -- 11.3.3 Milk pasteurization -- 11.3.4 Heating of greenhouses -- 11.3.5 Heating of uncovered ground -- 11.3.6 Aquaculture (fish, shellfish, frogs, algae, etc.) -- 11.3.7 Application of geothermal heat-energy in food-processing -- 11.3.7.1 Preheating and heating -- 11.3.7.2 Evaporation and distillation processes -- 11.3.7.3 Peeling/blanching processes -- 11.3.7.4 Sterilization -- 11.4 Agriculture within the cascade system of geothermal direct heat utilization

11.5 Geothermal energy for thermal water desalination -- 11.6 Geothermal greenhouses development heating/cooling, ventilation, humidification, desalination -- 11.7 Geothermal aquifers as freshwater source -- 11.8 Conclusions -- Section IV The uses of geothermal water in balneotherapy -- 12. Short history of thermal healing bathing -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 The Americas -- 12.3 Asia and the Middle East -- 12.4 European countries -- 13. Balneological use of geothermal springs in selected regions of the world -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Africa -- 13.3 The Americas -- 13.4 Asia and Middle East -- 13.5 European countries -- 13.6 SPA, wellness and health resort organizations -- 13.7 Summary -- 14. The importance of an integrated analytic approach to the study of physicochemical characteristics of natural thermal waters used for pelotherapy aims: perspectives for reusing cooled thermal waters for treatments related to thermalism applications -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Application of the integrated analytical approach and tensiometry on thermalism -- 14.2.1 Two contrasting thermal water systems -- 14.2.1.1 Euganean geothermal system (Veneto region, Italy) -- 14.2.1.2 Jelenia Góra geothermal system (the Sudetes Mountains, Poland) -- 14.2.2 Chemical and biological characteristics of studied thermal waters -- 14.2.2.1 Photosynthetic microorganisms of Euganean thermal waters -- 14.2.2.2 Temperature and pH of thermal waters -- 14.2.2.3 Chemical characteristics of studied thermal waters -- 14.2.3 Evaluation of Jelenia Góra thermal waters in terms of matured peloid production -- 14.2.4 Influence of HSW on the maturation process of thermal muds in Euganean Thermal Area (ETA) -- 14.2.4.1 The integrated analytical approach: volume elements analyses -- 14.2.4.2 The integrated analytical approach: rheologic analyses

14.2.4.3 The integrated analytical approach: tensiometric analyses