Hydraulic fracturing operations

Hydraulic fracturing, commonly referred to as"fracking," is a technique used by the oil and gasindustry to mine hydrocarbons trapped deep beneath theEarth's surface. The principles underlying the technology arenot new. Fracking was first applied at the commercial level in theUnited States as early as 1947, and over the decades it has beenapplied in various countries including Canada, the UK, and Russia. The author worked with engineering teams as early as the mid-1970sin evaluating ways to improve oil recovery from this practice. By and large fracking was not an economically competitivepro

Cover; Title Page; Copyright Page; Contents; Preface; Acknowledgements; Author and Editor Biographies; 1 Hydraulic Fracturing Overview; 1.1 Technology Overview; 1.2 Benefits, Environmental Deterents, Hurdles and Public Safety; 1.2.1 Key Drivers; 1.2.2 Environmental Deterrents; 1.2.3 Hurdles and Public Safety; 1.3 U.S. Resources and Standing; 1.4 Worldwide Levels of Activity; 1.5 The Role of Water; 1.5.1 Water Acquisition; 1.5.2 Chemical Mixing; 1.5.3 Well Injection; 2 Oil and Gas Regulations; 2.1 U.S. Environmental Regulations; 2.1.1 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).

2.1.2 Clean Water Act (CWA)2.1.3 Oil Pollution Prevention (Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasures Regulations); 2.1.4 Oil Pollution Act (OPA); 2.1.5 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA); 2.1.6 Clean Air Act (CAA); 2.1.7 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA); 2.1.8 Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund); 2.1.9 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA); 2.2 Historical Evolution of Regulations Affecting Oil and Gas; 2.3 RCRA Exemptions; 2.4 Permitting Rules; 2.4.1 California Rules; 2.4.1.1 Restrictions; 2.4.1.2 Conditions.

3 Management of …