Hypertension

Front Cover -- IFC -- HYPERTENSION: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease -- HYPERTENSION: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease -- Copyright -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Contents -- Braunwald's Heart Disease Family of Books -- BRAUNWALD'S HEART DISEASE COMPANIONS -- BRAUNWALD'S HEART DISEASE REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT -- BRAUNWALD'S HEART DISEASE IMAGING COMPANIONS -- COMING SOON! -- HYPERTENSION: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease -- I - Epidemiology -- 1 - General Population and Global Cardiovascular Risk Prediction -- EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS -- PREVALENCE AND SECULAR TRENDS -- RISK FACTORS FOR HYPERTENSION -- Age -- Weight -- Other Risk Factors -- Genetic Factors -- CLASSIFICATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE -- SEQUELAE AND OUTCOMES WITH HYPERTENSION -- Importance of Systolic Blood Pressure -- Renal Disease -- Cognitive Function -- Competing Outcomes With Hypertension -- RISK FACTOR CLUSTERING -- GLOBAL RISK ASSESSMENT AS A STRATEGY FOR HYPERTENSION TREATMENT -- IMPORTANCE OF PREVENTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ELEVATED BLOOD PRESSURE -- SUMMARY -- References -- 2 - Hypertension in Latin/Hispanic Population -- CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN LATIN/HISPANIC POPULATION -- ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION IN THE LATIN AMERICAN AND CARIBBEAN REGION AND THE UNITED STATES -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- 3 - Hypertension in East Asians and Native Hawaiians -- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HYPERTENSION IN EAST ASIANS AND NATIVE HAWAIIANS -- Prevalence of Hypertension -- Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension -- OUTCOME TRIALS IN HYPERTENSION IN EAST ASIANS AND NATIVE HAWAIIANS -- Placebo-Controlled Trials -- Actively Controlled Trials -- Intensive Versus Less Intensive Blood Pressure Control -- Subgroups of Multinational Trials -- SUMMARY -- CONFLICTS OF INTEREST -- ACRONYMS OF TRIALS -- References

4 - HYPERTENSION IN SOUTH ASIANS -- PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION IN SOUTH ASIAN POPULATIONS -- Definition of Hypertension in the South Asian Population -- Prevalence of Hypertension in South Asia -- Prevalence of Hypertension in SouthAsians Who Have Migrated to NorthAmerica or Europe -- RISK FACTORS FOR HYPERTENSION IN SOUTH ASIAN POPULATIONS -- Genetic Factors -- MANAGEMENT OF HYPERTENSION IN SOUTH ASIANS -- Lifestyle and Behavioral Modification -- Initiation of Antihypertensive Therapy and Treatment Targets -- Choice of Pharmacotherapy -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- II - Pathophysiology -- 5 - Pathogenesis of Hypertension -- CONTROL OF BLOOD PRESSURE, BLOOD FLOW, AND CARDIAC OUTPUT -- LONG-TERM BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL: ROLE OF RENAL PRESSURE NATRIURESIS -- SALT SENSITIVITY AND HYPERTENSION -- Loss of Nephrons and Kidney Injury Cause Salt Sensitivity -- Inability to Effectively Modulate the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Causes Salt Sensitivity -- Endothelin and Salt Sensitivity -- Genetic Causes of Salt-Sensitive Hypertension -- RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM -- Ang II and Long-Term Blood Pressure Regulation -- SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM -- ENDOTHELIN -- NITRIC OXIDE -- OXIDATIVE STRESS -- PRIMARY (ESSENTIAL) HYPERTENSION -- POSSIBLE ROLE OF GENE VARIANTS, GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS, AND EPIGENETICS IN PRIMARY HYPERTENSION -- ROLE OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY IN PRIMARY HYPERTENSION -- Ang II Increases Sodium Reabsorption in Obesity Hypertension -- Mineralocorticoid Receptor Activation Increases Sodium Reabsorption in Obesity Hypertension -- Leptin May Link Increased Adiposity With Sympathetic Nervous System Activation -- The Central Nervous System Proopiomelanocortin Pathway May Contribute to Sympathetic Nervous System Activation in Obesity -- SUMMARY AND PERSPECTIVES -- References -- 6 - Genetics of Hypertension

THE CONTRIBUTION OF GENETICS TO THE BLOOD PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION -- MONOGENIC (SECONDARY) HYPERTENSION -- Glucocorticoid-Remediable Aldosteronism -- Gordon Syndrome -- Familial Hyperaldosteronism Type III -- Liddle Syndrome -- Syndrome of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess -- Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia -- GENOMICS OF PRIMARY HYPERTENSION -- Making Clinical Use of Blood Pressure Genomics -- SUMMARY -- References -- 7 - Inflammation and Immunity in Hypertension -- HISTORICAL ASPECTS REGARDING INFLAMMATION AND HYPERTENSION -- BASIC MECHANISMS BY WHICH INFLAMMATION CONTRIBUTES TO HYPERTENSION -- THE ROLE OF IMMUNITY AND INFLAMMATION AS MEDIATORS OF HYPERTENSION -- Cytokine Release -- Oxidative Injury -- Matrix Reorganization -- Enhanced Chemotaxis -- MECHANISMS OF IMMUNE ACTIVATION IN HYPERTENSION: POSSIBLE ROLE OF NEOANTIGENS -- CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS REGARDING INFLAMMATION IN HYPERTENSION -- References -- III - Diagnosis and Evaluation -- 8 - The Environment and High Blood Pressure -- Colder Ambient Temperature and Winter Season -- Noise -- Higher Altitude -- Air Pollution -- Other Environmental Factors -- Summary of Evidence -- CLINICAL PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS -- References -- 9 - Office Blood Pressure Measurement -- A BRIEF HISTORY OF MORE THAN A CENTURY OF BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT -- THE IMPORTANCE OF CAREFUL BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT FOR THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM -- ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS ABOUT ELEMENTAL MERCURY IN THE MEDICAL WORKPLACE -- HOW CAN THE MEASUREMENT OF BLOOD PRESSURE BE IMPROVED IN CLINICAL PRACTICE? -- BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT: PROPER TECHNIQUE FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE AND IMPROVEMENT -- CRITICAL SKILLS FOR ANY BLOOD PRESSURE OBSERVER -- MANOMETERS AND THEIR CALIBRATION -- Calibrating the Manometer -- STETHOSCOPES -- SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF THE PROPER BLOOD PRESSURE CUFF -- PREPARING FOR AN ACCURATE READING

MEASURING THE BLOOD PRESSURE -- Which Arm Should Be Used? -- STANDARDIZED MONITORING FOR ACCURACY, REPRODUCIBILITY, AND OBSERVER BIAS -- INSPECT EQUIPMENT FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE -- ASSESS KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT -- ASSESS PERFORMANCE REGARDING BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS -- SUMMARY -- References -- 10 - Home Monitoring of Blood Pressure -- ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS -- CLINICAL INDICATIONS -- PROGNOSTIC VALUE -- Association With Target-Organ Damage -- Prediction of Cardiovascular Events -- HOME BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT OF HYPERTENSION -- Treatment Adjustment -- Long-Term Follow-Up -- Nocturnal Home Blood Pressure Monitoring -- HOME BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING IN SPECIAL POPULATIONS -- Children -- Elderly -- Pregnancy -- Obesity -- Atrial Fibrillation -- Diabetes -- Chronic Kidney Disease -- COST-EFFECTIVENESS -- HOME BLOOD PRESSURE TELEMONITORING -- HOME BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING IN RESEARCH -- HOME VERSUS AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING -- HOME BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING RECOMMENDATIONS (TABLE 10.2) -- Devices -- Monitoring Conditions and Procedure -- Monitoring Schedule -- Reporting of Home Blood Pressure Values -- Diagnostic Threshold and Interpretation -- SUMMARY -- References -- 11 - Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Clinical Hypertension Management -- CIRCADIAN VARIATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE -- Clinical Importance of Nighttime Decline ("Dipping") in Blood Pressure -- PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE -- USE OF AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING IN THE MANAGEMENT OF HYPERTENSION -- USEFUL SITUATIONS FOR AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING IN ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUG TRIALS -- Utility of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Dose-Finding Studies -- Eprosartan -- Eplerenone -- Utility of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Clinical Comparator Trials -- Comparisons within the Same Class

Comparisons of Drugs Across Different Classes -- Timing of Drug Administration -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 12 - White-Coat and Masked Hypertension -- WHITE-COAT HYPERTENSION AND MASKED HYPERTENSION IN UNTREATED INDIVIDUALS -- Definition -- White-Coat Hypertension -- Masked Hypertension -- Prevalence -- White-Coat Hypertension -- Masked Hypertension -- Clinical Significance -- White-Coat Hypertension -- Masked Hypertension -- Management -- White-Coat Hypertension -- Masked Hypertension -- WHITE-COAT RESISTANT AND MASKED UNCONTROLLED HYPERTENSION IN TREATED HYPERTENSIVE SUBJECTS -- Definition -- White-Coat Resistant Hypertension -- Masked Uncontrolled Hypertension -- Prevalence -- White-Coat Resistant Hypertension -- Masked Uncontrolled Hypertension -- Clinical Significance -- White-Coat Resistant Hypertension -- Masked Uncontrolled Hypertension -- Management -- White-Coat Resistant Hypertension -- Masked Resistant Hypertension -- SUMMARY -- References -- 13 - Renovascular Hypertension and Ischemic Nephropathy -- ADVANCES AND MAJOR POINTS OF EMPHASIS -- DISEASE DEFINITION -- EPIDEMIOLOGY -- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY -- DIAGNOSIS -- Clinical Manifestations -- Physical Examination -- Laboratory Studies -- Imaging Studies -- Duplex Ultrasonography -- Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Angiography -- Blood Oxygen Level Dependent Magnetic Resonance -- Radionuclide Studies: Captopril Renography -- Intraarterial Angiography -- Differential Diagnosis -- TREATMENT OF RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION AND ISCHEMIC NEPHROPATHY -- Renal Revascularization -- Angioplasty for Fibromuscular Disease -- Treatment Trials -- MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION AND ISCHEMIC NEPHROPATHY -- References -- 14 - Secondary Hypertension: Primary Hyperaldosteronism and Mineralocorticoid Excess States -- PRIMARY ALDOSTERONISM -- CLINICAL PRESENTATION

DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION