Learning & Behavior: Eighth Edition

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Detailed Contents -- Preface -- About the Author -- 1 History, Background, and Basic Concepts -- The Search for General Principles of Learning -- The Associationists -- Aristotle -- Box 1.1 Applying the Research. A Demonstration of Free Association -- The British Associationists: Simple and Complex Ideas -- Ebbinghaus's Experiments on Memory -- The Influence of the Associationists and Ebbinghaus -- Behavioral and Cognitive Approaches to Learning -- The Use of Animal Subjects -- Ethical Issues and Animal Research

The Emphasis on External Events -- Brain and Behavior -- The Basic Characteristics of Neurons -- Simple Sensations -- Feature Detectors -- The Neuroscience of Learning -- Chemical Changes -- Growth of New Synapses -- Growth of New Neurons -- Where Are "Complex Ideas" Stored in the Brain? -- Summary -- Review Questions -- References -- 2 Innate Behavior Patterns and Habituation -- Characteristics of Goal-Directed Systems -- Reflexes -- Tropisms -- Kineses -- Taxes -- Sequences of Behavior -- Fixed Action Patterns -- Reaction Chains -- Innate Human Abilities and Predispositions

Box 2.1 Spotlight on Research. We Have a Lot in Common: Human Universals -- Habituation -- General Principles of Habituation -- Box 2.2 Spotlight on Research. Habituation and Psychological Functioning -- Neural Mechanisms of Habituation -- Habituation in Emotional Responses: The Opponent-Process Theory -- The Temporal Pattern of an Emotional Response -- The a-Process and b-Process -- The Effects of Repeated Stimulation -- Other Emotional Reactions -- A Brief Evaluation -- Summary -- Review Questions -- References -- 3 Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning -- Pavlov's Discovery and Its Impact

The Standard Paradigm of Classical Conditioning -- The Variety of Conditioned Responses -- Eyeblink Conditioning -- Conditioned Suppression -- The Skin Conductance Response -- Taste-Aversion Learning -- Pavlov's Stimulus Substitution Theory -- What Is Learned in Classical Conditioning? -- Basic Conditioning Phenomena -- Acquisition -- Extinction -- Spontaneous Recovery, Disinhibition, and Rapid Reacquisition -- Conditioned Inhibition -- Generalization and Discrimination -- Box 3.1 Spotlight on Research. Classical Conditioning and the Immune System

The Importance of Timing in Classical Conditioning -- CS-US Correlations -- Second-Order Conditioning -- Classical Conditioning Outside the Laboratory -- Classical Conditioning and Emotional Responses -- Applications in Behavior Therapy -- Systematic Desensitization for Phobias -- Box 3.2 Applying the Research. Virtual Reality Therapy -- Aversive Counterconditioning -- Treatment of Nocturnal Enuresis -- Summary of the Classical Conditioning Therapies -- Summary -- Review Questions -- References -- 4 Theories and Research on Classical Conditioning -- Research and Theories on Associative Learning

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The Blocking Effect