Liquid biofuel production

<P><b>1 Process Engineering Biofuel Production 1<br /> </b><i>Opubo Gbanaye Benebo</i></p> <p>1.1 Biofuel Production Background 1</p> <p>1.1.1 General Limitations 2</p> <p>1.1.2 Limitation of Cashcrop Raw Material 4</p> <p>1.1.3 Limitations of Algae Raw Materials Remediation 5</p> <p>1.1.4 Limitations Remediation 5</p> <p>1.2 Process Engineering Liquid Biofuel Production 8</p> <p>1.2.1 Algae Cultivation Assessment 8</p> <p>1.2.2 Algal Cultivation Inefficiencies Remediation 11</p> <p>1.2.3 Technology Development 12</p> <p>1.2.4 Lessons from the Algae Biofuel Industry Collapse 13</p> <p>1.2.5 Process Development Norms 14</p> <p>1.2.6 Research Team 15</p> <p>1.2.7 Alga Cultivation General Issues 16</p> <p>1.2.8 Biofuel Process Technology 17</p> <p>1.3 Algal Cultivation Process Technology 18</p> <p>1.3.1 Cellular Reaction Kinetics Analysis 19</p> <p>1.3.2 Cultivation Bench-Scale Model Design 20</p> <p>1.3.3 Cultivation Bioreactor 21</p> <p>1.3.4 Concentrator Harvesting of Cells 21</p> <p>1.3.5 Cell Rupture Technology 21</p> <p>1.3.6 BioFeedstock Separation Process 22</p> <p>1.3.7 Bench-Scale Cultivation Process Technology 23</p> <p>1.3.8 Process Technology Financial Viability Design 23</p> <p>1.3.9 Process Technology Sustainability Engineering 24</p> <p>1.3.10 Process Technology Optimization Engineering 25</p> <p>1.3.11 Base Cultivation Process Technology 26</p> <p>1.4 Algal Biomass Biorefinery Process Engineering 26</p> <p>1.4.1 Resourcing Algal Biomass 27</p> <p>1.4.2 Microbes Nutrients-Feed Production 28</p> <p>1.4.3 Fermentation Process Technology 28</p> <p>1.4.4 Biodiesel Process Technology 29</p> <p>1.4.5 Biorefinery Process Technology 29</p> <p>1.4.6 Engineering Cost Impact Analysis 30</p> <p>Acknowledgment 32</p> <p>About the Author 33</p> <p>References 34</p> <p><b>2 A Renewable Source of Hydrocarbons and High Value Co-Products from Algal Biomass 35<br /> </b><i>Abhishek Walia, Samriti Sharma and Saruchi</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 36</p> <p>2.2 Algal Biomass Production 38</p> <p>2.2.1 Growth Conditions 38</p> <p>2.2.1.1 Temperature 38</p> <p>2.2.1.2 Light Intensity 38</p> <p>2.2.1.3 pH 39</p> <p>2.2.1.4 Aeration and Mixing 39</p> <p>2.2.1.5 Salinity 39</p> <p>2.2.2 Photoautotrophic Production 40</p> <p>2.2.2.1 Open Pond Production Pathway 40</p> <p>2.2.2.2 Closed Photobioreactor Systems 40</p> <p>2.2.3 Harvesting and Dewatering of Algal Biomass 42</p> <p>2.2.3.1 Flocculation 42</p> <p>2.2.3.2 Chemical Flocculation 42</p> <p>2.2.3.3 Electroflocculation 42</p> <p>2.2.3.4 Biofloculation 43</p> <p>2.2.3.5 Magnetic Separation of Algae 43</p> <p>2.2.3.6 Dissolved Air Flotation 43</p> <p>2.2.3.7 Filtration 43</p> <p>2.2.3.8 Centrifugation 43</p> <p>2.2.3.9 Attachment/Biofilm-Based Systems 44</p> <p>2.3 Developments in Algal Cultivation for Fuel By Using Different Production System 44</p> <p>2.3.1 Stirred Tank Photobioreactor 45</p> <p>2.3.2 Vertical Tubular Photobioreactors 45</p> <p>2.3.2.1 Bubble Column 45</p> <p>2.3.2.2 Airlift Reactors 46</p> <p>2.3.3 Horizontal Tubular Photobioreactors 46</p> <p>2.3.4 Flat Panel Photobioreactor 47</p> <p>2.4 Algal Biofuels -- Feedstock of the Future 48</p> <p>2.4.1 Biohydrogen 49</p> <p>2.4.2 Biobutanol 49</p> <p>2.4.3 Jet Fuel 50</p> <p>2.4.4 Biogas 50</p> <p>2.4.5 Bioethanol 51</p> <p>2.5 Biofuel Pathways 51</p> <p>2.5.1 Thermo-Chemical Conversion 52</p> <p>2.5.2 Biochemical Conversion 52</p> <p>2.5.3 Alcoholic Fermentation 53</p> <p>2.5.4 Biophotolysis 53</p> <p>2.6 High Value Co-Products from Algal Biomass 53</p> <p>2.6.1 Algae in Human Nutrition 54</p> <p>2.6.2 Algae in Animal and Aquaculture Feed 54</p> <p>2.6.3 Algae as Fertilizer 55</p> <p>2.6.4 Algae as Recombinant Protein 56</p> <p>2.6.5 Algae as Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) 56</p> <p>2.7 Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment 57</p> <p>2.8 Economics of Algae Cultivation 58</p> <p>2.9 Problems and Potential of Alga-Culture 61</p> <p>2.10 Conclusion 63</p> <p>References 64</p> <p><b>3 Waste Biomass Utilization for Liquid Fuels: Challenges & Solution 73<br /> </b><i>Sourish Bhattacharya, Surajbhan Sevda, Pooja Bachani, Vamsi Bharadwaj and Sandhya Mishra</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 74</p> <p>3.2 Waste Biomass and its Types 75</p> <p>3.3 Major Waste Biomass Conversion Routes 76</p> <p>3.4 Metabolic Engineering in Yeast for Accumulation of C5</p> <p>Sugars along with C6 Sugars 77</p> <p>3.5 Genetic Engineering for Improved Xylose Fermentation by Yeasts 77</p> <p>3.6 Biofuel from Microalgae through Mixotrophic Approach Utilizing Lignocellulosic Hydrolysate 80</p> <p>3.7 Conclusion 82</p> <p>References 83</p> <p><b>4 Biofuel Production from Lignocellulosic Feedstock via Thermochemical Routes 89<br /> </b><i>Long T. Duong, Phuet Prasertcharoensuk and Anh N. Phan</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 89</p> <p>4.2 Fast Pyrolysis 92</p> <p>4.2.1 Principles 92</p> <p>4.2.2 Reactors 92</p> <p>4.2.2.1 Bubbling Fluid Bed 94</p> <p>4.2.2.2 Circulating Fluid Bed 94</p> <p>4.2.2.3 Rotating Cone 100</p> <p>4.2.2.4 Ablative Pyrolysis 100</p> <p>4.2.2.5 Screw Reactor 101</p> <p>4.2.2.6 Other Reaction Systems 102</p> <p>4.2.3 Bio-Oil Composition and Properties 103</p> <p>4.2.4 Factors Affecting on Biomass Pyrolysis 105</p> <p>4.2.4.1 Feedstock 105</p> <p>4.2.4.2 Biomass Pre-Treatment 105</p> <p>4.2.4.3 Temperature and Carrier Gas Flow Rate 110</p> <p>4.3 Bio-Oil Upgrading 111</p> <p>4.3.1 Hydrodeoxygenation 111</p> <p>4.3.2 Catalytic Cracking 114</p> <p>4.3.3 Fast Hydropyrolysis 116</p> <p>4.3.4 Cold Plasma 117</p> <p>4.4 Gasification 126</p> <p>4.4.1 Types of Gasifier 130</p> <p>4.4.1.1 Fixed Bed Gasifier 130</p> <p>4.4.1.2 Fluidized Bed Gasifier 135</p> <p>4.4.1.3 Entrained Flow Gasifier 137</p> <p>4.4.2 Influence of Operating Parameters on Gasification Process 138</p> <p>4.4.2.1 Equivalence Ratio 138</p> <p>4.4.2.2 Steam to Biomass Ratio 138</p> <p>4.4.2.3 Gasifying Agents 139</p> <p>4.4.2.4 Gasification Temperature 139</p> <p>4.5 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 140</p> <p>4.5.1 Fischer-Tropsch Reactors 140</p> <p>4.5.1.1 Multi-Tubular Fixed Bed 141</p> <p>4.5.1.2 Slurry Bubble Column 141</p> <p>4.5.1.3 Fluidized Bed 143</p> <p>4.5.2 Catalysts 143</p> <p>4.5.3 Influence of Operating Parameters on Fisher-Tropsch Synthesis 145</p> <p>4.6 Summary 147</p> <p>References 148</p> <p><b>5 Exploring the Potential of Carbohydrate Rich Algal Biomass as Feedstock for Bioethanol Production 167<br /> </b><i>Jaskiran Kaur and Yogalakshmi K.N.</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 168</p> <p>5.2 Microalgae and Macroalgae as Bioethanol Feedstock 169</p> <p>5.3 Process Involved for Production of Bioethanol from Algae 176</p> <p>5.4 Algal Biomass Cultivation 177</p> <p>5.4.1 Open Pond Systems 177</p> <p>5.4.2 Closed Photobioreactors (PBR) 179</p> <p>5.5 Pretreatment of Algal Biomass 180</p> <p>5.5.1 Physical Pretreatment 181</p> <p>5.5.2 Chemical Pretreatment 182</p> <p>5.5.3 Biological Pretreatment 183</p> <p>5.6 Fermentation of Algal Hydrolysate 183</p> <p>5.7 Distillation 184</p> <p>5.8 Manipulation of Algal Biomass 185</p> <p>5.9 Pros and Cons of Bioethanol Production from Algae 186</p> <p>5.10 Conclusions 187</p> <p>References 187</p> <p><b>6 Development of Acid-Base-Enzyme Pretreatment and Hydrolysis of Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Bioethanol Production 197<br /> </b><i>Nibedita Deb, Md. Zahangir Alam, Maan Fahmi Rashid Al-khatib and Amal Elgharbawy</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 198</p> <p>6.2 Biomass Energy 200</p> <p>6.3 Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) 201</p> <p>6.4 Pome Characterization 203</p> <p>6.5 Pretreatment 203</p> <p>6.5.1 Physical and Physicochemical Pretreatment 204</p> <p>6.5.2 Chemical Pretreatment 205</p> <p>6.5.3 Biological Pretreatment 206</p> <p>6.6 Hydrolysis 206</p> <p>6.6.1 Concentrated Acid Hydrolysis 206</p> <p>6.6.2 Dilute Acid Hydrolysis 207</p> <p>6.6.3 Base Hydrolysis 207</p> <p&gt.

Includes bibliographical references and index.