Marine outfall construction: background, techniques, and case studies

Litteraturliste

The use of marine outfalls to carry treated wastewater from land to sea is important for coastal municipalities and industries. Outfall projects present complex environmental, engineering, and construction challenges. Until now, however, very little practical information has been available to guide engineers, government officials, contractors, industries, and communities. Marine Outfall Construction: Background, Techniques, and Case Studies contains practical guidance, detailed case studies, and more than 700 references. The author explains why an outfall is the disposal method of choice. Grace uses his extensive offshore experience to describe the particular challenges that accompany a construction project at sea. He examines techniques for installing a pipeline underwater, including trestles, bottom-pull, horizontal directional drilling, crane barges, and robotics. Grace outlines specific obstacles to successful outfall construction, such as difficult sites and deep water locations, and he examines unique outfalls, along with those that turned out to be difficult or impossible to install. Appendixes include an annotated list of the major features of 400 global outfall projects, a technical summary of applicable wave-related concepts, and a discussion of immersed tubes.

The marine outfall in context -- Moving toward construction -- Providing a stable work base within the surf zone -- Pulling an outfall seaward along the ocean floor -- Placing outfalls under protected sites or obstructions -- Crane barge offshore, trestle inshore, trouble ahead -- High-tech outfall installation in deep water -- Creating tunnel outfalls and their risers -- Hybrid-design outfalls -- Selected polyethylene outfalls -- Unusual outfalls -- Difficult or impossible outfalls -- Giant tunnel outfall as part of the Boston Harbor cleanup