Mixed-Phase Clouds: Observations and Modeling

Front Cover -- Mixed-phase Clouds: Observations and Modeling -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1. Observations -- 2. Modeling -- 3. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part 1: Observations -- Chapter 2: Ice Nucleation in Mixed-Phase Clouds -- 1. The Relevance of Ice Nucleation to Mixed-Phase Clouds -- 1.1. Modes of Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation -- 1.2. Ice Nucleation in the Atmosphere -- 1.3. Ice Nucleation in Mixed-Phase Clouds -- 2. Experimental Methods for Examining Ice Nucleation -- 2.1. Wet Dispersion Methods -- 2.2. Dry Dispersion Methods -- 3. Nucleation Theory -- 3.1. Homogeneous Ice Nucleation -- 3.1.1. Classical Description of Homogenous Ice Nucleation -- 3.2. Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation -- 3.2.1. Application of CNT to Heterogeneous Nucleation -- 3.2.2. Single Component Stochastic Models -- 3.2.3. Multiple Component Stochastic Models -- 3.2.4. Singular Models -- 3.2.5. The Framework for Reconciling Observable Stochastic Time-Dependence (FROST) -- 3.2.6. Comparison and Summary of Models of Heterogeneous Nucleation -- 4. Properties of Good Heterogeneous Ice Nucleators -- 4.1. The Traditional View of Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation -- 4.1.1. Size and Solubility of Heterogeneous INPs -- 4.1.2. Lattice Matching -- 4.1.3. Bonding of Water to INPs -- 4.1.4. Active Sites and Topographical Effects -- 5. What Nucleates Ice in Mixed-Phase Clouds? -- 6. Field Measurements of Ice Nucleating Particles -- 7. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3: Detection of Mixed-Phase Clouds From Shortwave and Thermal Infrared Satellite Observations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cloud Phase Determination From Passive Satellite Radiometers -- 3. Determination of Liquid-Top Mixed-Phase (LTMP) -- 3.1. Theoretical Basis -- 3.2. Algorithm Description -- 3.2.1. Construction of the Database.

3.2.2. Threshold Determination -- 3.2.3. Algorithm Flow -- 4. Application to Current Satellite Observations -- 4.1. S-NPP VIIRS Case Study -- 4.2. Himawari-8 AHI Case Study -- 5. Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Microphysical Properties of Convectively Forced Mixed-Phase Clouds -- 1. Convectively Forced Mixed-Phase Clouds -- 2. Quantities Typically Measured -- 3. Field Experiments -- 4. In Situ Measurement Methods -- 4.1. Bulk Instruments -- 4.2. Single Particle Probes -- 4.3. Imaging Probes -- 5. Properties of Bulk Water Mass -- 5.1. Liquid Water Content -- 5.2. Ice Water Contents -- 6. Particle Size Distributions -- 7. Liquid Particle Concentrations -- 8. Precipitation Particle Concentrations and Shapes -- 9. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 5: Characterization of Mixed-Phase Clouds: Contributions From the Field Campaigns and Ground Based Networks -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Observations -- 1.1.1. Earlier Observations -- 1.1.2. Types of Mixed-Phase Clouds -- 1.2. Aircraft Icing -- 1.3. Cloud Seeding -- 1.4. Precipitation Forecast -- 1.5. Climate Modeling -- 2. Observations of Mixed-Phase Clouds During Field Campaigns -- 2.1. Beaufort and Arctic Storms Experiment (BASE) -- 2.2. The First International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Regional Experiment Arctic Clouds Experiment (FI ... -- 2.3. The Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic (SHEBA) Program -- 2.4. The Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment (M-PACE) -- 2.5. The Arctic Study of Tropospheric Cloud, Aerosol and Radiation (ASTAR) -- 2.6. The Polar Study Using Aircraft, Remote Sensing Surface Measurements and Models of Climate, Chemistry, Aerosols and T ... -- 2.7. The Indirect and Semi-Direct Aerosol Campaign (ISDAC) -- 2.8. Aircraft Icing Experiments -- 3. Ground Based Programs -- 3.1. Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM).

3.1.1. Southern Great Plains (SGP) -- 3.1.2. North Slope of Alaska (NSA) -- 3.1.3. Eastern North Atlantic (ENA) -- 3.2. Cloudnet -- 4. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: Spaceborne Remote Sensing and Airborne In Situ Observations of Arctic Mixed-Phase Clouds -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Observations at Regional Scale from Satellite -- 3. Airborne Experiments in the Arctic Region -- 4. In Situ Characterization of MPC Properties -- 4.1. Main Properties From Previous Experiments -- 4.2. Case Study and Cloud-Radiation Interaction -- 5. Satellite Remote Sensing Evaluation -- 6. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part 2: Modeling -- Chapter 7: Simulations of Arctic Mixed-Phase Boundary Layer Clouds: Advances in Understanding and Outstanding Questions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. SHEBA Case Study -- 2.1. Ice Crystal Number Concentration Budget -- 2.2. Intercomparison Specification -- 2.3. Intercomparison Results -- 2.4. Additional Observational Constraints -- 2.5. SHEBA Lessons -- 3. ISDAC Case Study -- 3.1. Intercomparison Specification -- 3.2. Intercomparison Results -- 3.3. Related Studies -- 3.4. ISDAC Lessons -- 4. M-PACE Case Study -- 4.1. Case Study Specification -- 4.2. Intercomparison Results -- 4.3. Related Studies -- 4.4. M-PACE Lessons -- 5. Discussion -- 5.1. Persistence and Strength of Ice Production -- 5.2. Primary Ice Formation -- 5.3. Secondary Ice Formation -- 5.4. Ice Crystal Properties -- 5.5. Climatology and Climate Sensitivity -- References -- Chapter 8: Subgrid Representation of Mixed-Phase Clouds in a General Circulation Model -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical Overview -- 3. Theoretical Models of Mixed-Phase Clouds -- 4. Closure Relations -- 4.1. Comparison to LES -- 5. Implementation as a Subgrid Scheme -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Mixed-Phase Cloud Feedbacks -- 1. Introduction.

2. The MPC Feedback in GCMs -- 3. Observations of the MPC feedback -- 4. Constraint of Mixed-Phase Properties in GCMs -- 5. Summary -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 10: The Climatic Impact of Thermodynamic Phase Partitioning in Mixed-Phase Clouds -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Description of Simulations -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Surface Temperature -- 3.2. Hydrological Cycle -- 3.3. Climate Feedbacks -- 3.4. Water Paths, Cloud Fraction, and Cloud Forcings -- 3.5. Robustness of Results to Retuning -- 4. Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index -- Back Cover.