Portuguese: a reference manual

This book is a guide for all who are interested in learning the Portuguese language and mastering its complexities. It supplements the phonetic and grammatical explanations offered in basic textbooks. While it focuses on Brazilian Portuguese, it incorporates European Portuguese variants and thus provides a more complete description of the language. Accessible to non-linguists and novice language learners, as well as informative for instructors of Portuguese and specialists in other languages, this guide incorporates the Orthographic Accord (in effect since 2009-2010), which attempts to standardize Portuguese orthography. The manual reflects the language as it is currently taught at both the undergraduate and graduate levels by providing detailed explanations of the sound and writing systems and the grammar of the principal Portuguese dialects. A reference guide rather than a textbook, it also provides extensive verb charts, as well as comparisons of Portuguese with English and Spanish.

Machine generated contents note: Sound System -- Oral Vowels -- Oral Diphthongs -- Nasal Vowels -- Nasal Diphthongs -- Portuguese and Corresponding Spanish Vowels and Diphthongs -- Consonants -- Writing System and Accentuation -- Alphabet -- Letters Used to Transcribe Portuguese Sounds -- Capitalization -- Punctuation Marks and Commonly Used Typographic Symbols -- Diacritical Marks -- Syllables and Word Division -- Stress and Accentuation -- Words Stressed on the Second-to-Last Syllable (Proparoxytones) -- Words Stressed on the Next-to-Last Syllable (Paroxytones) -- Words Stressed on the Last Syllable (Oxytones) -- Portuguese, Spanish, and English Cognates -- Cognates -- Portuguese and Corresponding Spanish and English Sounds and Letters -- Portuguese and Corresponding Spanish Sounds and Letters -- Portuguese and Corresponding Spanish and English Prefixes -- Portuguese and Corresponding Spanish and English Suffixes.

Note continued: Differences in Stress between Portuguese and Spanish Cognates -- True, Partial, and False Cognates -- Grammatical Categories -- Articles -- Definite and Indefinite Articles -- Contractions of Prepositions with Articles -- Nouns and Adjectives -- Adject…