Practical Bomb Scene Investigation, Third Edition

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Series Editor Note -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Author -- Introduction -- Chapter 1: Explosion Theory and Dynamics -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Scientific Method -- 1.3 Explosives -- 1.4 Types of Explosives -- 1.5 Classification and Sensitivity of Explosives -- 1.6 Explosive Performance -- 1.7 Firing Trains -- 1.8 Additional Characteristics of Explosives -- 1.9 Accountability of Explosives and Explosives Detection -- 1.10 Explosions -- 1.10.1 Types of Explosions -- 1.10.2 Explosion Effects -- 1.11 Explosion Scene Investigation -- 1.12 Summary -- Review Questions -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 2: Identification and Recognition of Commercial, Improvised, and Military Explosives -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Short History of Explosives -- 2.3 Low Explosives -- 2.3.1 Black Powder -- 2.3.2 Pyrodex -- 2.3.3 Photoflash Powder -- 2.3.4 Smokeless Powder -- 2.4 Commercial High Explosives -- 2.4.1 Primary Explosives -- 2.4.1.1 Lead Azide -- 2.4.1.2 Lead Styphnate -- 2.4.1.3 Mercury Fulminate -- 2.4.1.4 Diazodinitrophenol -- 2.4.1.5 Tetrazene -- 2.4.2 Secondary Explosives -- 2.4.2.1 Ammonium Nitrate -- 2.4.2.2 Ammonium Nitrate and Fuel Oil (ANFO) -- 2.4.2.3 Nitroglycerin (NG) -- 2.4.2.4 Dynamite -- 2.5 Water-Based Products -- 2.5.1 Water Gel or Slurry Explosives -- 2.5.2 Emulsion Explosives -- 2.5.2.1 Trinitrotoluene (TNT) -- 2.5.2.2 Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN) -- 2.5.2.3 Cyclotrimethylene Trinitramine (RDX) -- 2.6 Boosters -- 2.7 Binary Explosives -- 2.8 Sheet Explosives -- 2.9 Foreign Explosives -- 2.10 U.S. Military Explosives -- 2.10.1 Trinitrotoluene Charges (TNT) -- 2.10.2 Composition 4 (C-4) -- 2.10.3 Sheet Explosives -- 2.10.4 Military Dynamite -- 2.11 Improvised Explosives

2.12 Initiation Systems and Components -- 2.12.1 Initiators -- 2.12.1.1 Safety and Hobby Fuse -- 2.12.1.2 Fuse Lighter -- 2.12.1.3 Detonating Cord -- 2.12.1.4 Shock Tube -- 2.12.1.5 Thermo Tube -- 2.12.1.6 Detonator -- 2.13 Summary -- Review Questions -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 3: Improvised Explosive Device Components: Pre- and Postblast Identification -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Improvised Explosive Devices -- 3.2.1 Factors Affecting Improvised Explosive Device Construction -- 3.2.2 Basic Components of the Improvised Explosive Device -- 3.2.3 Primary Effect Provided by Type of Improvised Explosive Device -- 3.2.4 Appearance of an Improvised Explosive Device -- 3.2.5 Components of an Improvised Explosive Device -- 3.2.5.1 Initiators -- 3.2.5.2 Containers -- 3.2.5.3 Electrical Components -- 3.2.5.4 Timing Mechanisms -- 3.2.5.5 Shrapnel -- 3.2.5.6 Adhesives -- 3.2.5.7 Tape -- 3.2.5.8 Wood -- 3.2.5.9 Paper -- 3.2.5.10 Fasteners -- 3.2.5.11 Nonelectrical Wire -- 3.3 Fuzing Systems -- 3.3.1 Fuzing Systems Methods of Operation -- 3.3.1.1 Time-Delay Fuzing Systems -- 3.3.1.2 Victim Operated Fuzing Systems -- 3.3.1.3 Command Fuzing Systems -- 3.4 IED Component Assessment -- 3.4.1 High or Low Explosives -- 3.4.2 Initiators -- 3.4.2.1 Burning Fuse -- 3.4.2.2 Nonelectric Initiators -- 3.4.2.3 Electric Initiators -- 3.4.3 Containers -- 3.4.4 Other Components/Enhancements -- 3.4.5 Shrapnel and/or Fragmentation -- 3.4.6 Fuzing System -- 3.4.6.1 Mechanical Fuzing System -- 3.4.6.2 Electrical/Electrical-Mechanical Fuzing System -- 3.4.6.3 Chemical/Chemical-Mechanical Fuzing System -- 3.5 Investigative Process -- 3.6 Summary -- Review Questions -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 4: Investigation of the Explosion Scene and Collection of Evidence -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Investigative Outline

4.2.1 Initial Response -- 4.2.10 Field (or Outside) Investigation -- 4.2.10.1 Where to Start the Field Investigation -- 4.2.10.2 Determining the Explosives Weight of the Improvised Explosive Device -- 4.2.10.3 Postinvestigation: The Investigative Report -- 4.2.2 Evaluation of the Explosion Scene -- 4.2.2.1 Evaluation and Establishment of Scene Perimeters, Inner and Outer, and Scene Security -- 4.2.2.2 Establishment of a Command Post Location for the Crime Scene Investigation Team -- 4.2.2.3 Establishment of Documentation Procedures to Account for Personnel Entering and Exiting the Scene -- 4.2.2.4 Establishment of Entry and Exit Paths for Crime Scene Investigation Team Members -- 4.2.2.5 Establishment of Staging Areas for Team Members -- 4.2.2.6 Safety (to the Extent Possible) for Entry by the Investigation Team -- 4.2.2.7 Level of Investigative Assistance and Resources Required -- 4.2.2.8 Whether a Search Warrant or Permission to Search Is Required -- 4.2.2.9 What Documentation Procedures Will Be Utilized for Evidence Collection, Control, and Chain of Custody -- 4.2.2.10 What Procedures Will Be Utilized to Prevent Scene Contamination -- 4.2.2.11 Scene Walk-Through -- 4.2.2.12 Attempt to Locate the Epicenter of the Explosion -- 4.2.2.13 Personnel, Supplies, and Equipment Resources -- 4.2.3 Entering the Scene (Scene Investigation) -- 4.2.3.1 Entering the Scene -- 4.2.4 Documentation of the Explosion Scene -- 4.2.5 Where to Find Evidence at the Bomb Scene -- 4.2.6 How to Find Evidence at the Bomb Scene -- 4.2.7 How to Collect Evidence at the Bomb Scene -- 4.2.7.1 Special Situations for Evidence Collection -- 4.2.8 Final Survey -- 4.2.9 Release of the Scene -- 4.2.9.1 Submission of Evidence to the Laboratory -- 4.2.10 Field (or Outside) Investigation -- 4.2.10.1 Where to Start the Field Investigation

4.2.10.2 Determining the Explosives Weight of the Improvised Explosive Device -- 4.2.10.3 Postinvestigation: The Investigative Report -- 4.3 Summary -- Review Questions -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 5: Bomb Scene Investigator and Weapons of Mass Destruction -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Types of Weapons of Mass Destruction -- 5.3 Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Materials -- 5.3.1 Nuclear Materials -- 5.3.2 Biological Materials -- 5.3.2.1 Classifications of Biological Microorganisms -- 5.3.3 Chemical Agents -- 5.3.4 Types of Blister Agents -- 5.3.5 Choking Agents -- 5.3.6 Blood Agents -- 5.3.7 Incapacitating Agents -- 5.4 Weapons of Mass Destruction Hazards -- 5.5 Determining the Presence of Weapons of Mass Destruction -- 5.5.1 Indicators of WMD Presence -- 5.6 Weapons of Mass Destruction Protection Methods -- 5.7 Key Issues for Investigating a Weapon of Mass Destruction Scene -- 5.7.1 Preincident Planning -- 5.7.2 Determining Whether WMD Were Used -- 5.7.3 Assessing Scene Control and Security -- 5.7.4 Ensuring That Appropriate Protection Methods Are Employed -- 5.7.5 Addressing Immediate Life Safety Hazards -- 5.7.6 Contacting Appropriate Outside Agencies for Assistance -- 5.7.7 Identifying and Preserving Evidence -- 5.8 Summary -- Review Questions -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 6: Introduction to the Identification of Military Ordnance -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Definitions -- 6.3 Physical Characteristics of Military Ordnance -- 6.4 Identification Features of Military Ordnance -- 6.4.1 Dropped Ordnance -- 6.4.2 Projected Ordnance -- 6.4.3 Thrown Ordnance -- 6.4.4 Placed Ordnance -- 6.5 Summary -- Review Questions -- References and Additional Reading

Chapter 7: Capabilities of the Forensic Laboratory: Reading the Bomber's Signature -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Laboratory Capabilities in the Examination of Improvised Explosive Devices -- 7.2.1 Device Reconstruction -- 7.2.2 Explosive Residue Analysis -- 7.2.3 Latent Fingerprint Examinations -- 7.2.4 Materials Analysis -- 7.2.5 Document Examinations -- 7.2.6 Toolmark Examinations -- 7.2.7 Metallurgical Examinations -- 7.2.8 DNA Analysis -- 7.3 Reading the Bomber's Signature -- 7.3.1 Introduction -- 7.4 Summary -- Review Questions -- References and Additional Reading -- Chapter 8: Tactical Postblast Investigation -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Tactical Scene Investigative Outline -- 8.3 Organization of the Investigative Team: Personnel and Equipment -- 8.4 Route Security and Access to the Scene -- 8.5 Scene Assessment -- 8.6 Scene Investigation: Documentation, Collection of Evidence, and Witness Interviews -- 8.7 Final Survey -- 8.8 Return to the Secure Zone -- 8.9 Summary -- Review Questions -- References and Additional Reading -- Appendix A: Chart of Explosive Products -- Appendix B: U.S. and Foreign Names of Explosives, Part I and Part II -- Appendix C: Access-Control Log -- Appendix D: Guidelines for the Prevention of Contamination of Explosives Evidence -- Appendix E: Personnel Resources for the Bomb Scene Investigation -- Appendix F: Supplies and Equipment for the Bomb Scene Investigation -- Appendix G: Administrative Worksheet -- Appendix H: Narrative Description -- Appendix I: Evidence-Recovery Log -- Appendix J: Latent Print Lift Log -- Appendix K: Photographic Log -- Appendix L: Diagram/Sketch -- Appendix M: Explosive Residue Swabbing Instructions (Courtesy of the Explosives Unit, FBI Laboratory) -- Appendix N: Standard Military Ordnance Color Coding System

Appendix O: Bomb Threat Stand-Off Distances