Practical Guide to Rock Tunneling

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- About the author -- Acknowledgements -- Dedication -- Disclaimer -- List of figures and tables -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Functional uses of rock tunnels -- 2.1 General -- 2.2 Functional uses -- 3. Tunnel project execution -- 3.1 General -- 3.2 Project delivery method -- 3.3 Execution stages -- 3.4 Pre-planning by client -- 3.5 Project engineering by consultants -- 3.6 Engineering effort and deliverables during execution -- 3.7 Functional requirements for design build -- 3.8 Early contractor engagement and involvement -- 3.9 Constructability reviews -- 3.10 Independent TBM risk assessment -- 4. Site investigations -- 4.1 General -- 4.2 Potential consequences of limited site investigations -- 4.3 Review of existing information and previous experience -- 4.4 Planning and budgeting for site investigations -- 4.5 Compilation of relevant information and base map -- 4.6 Identification of key geological risks and possible concerns -- 4.7 Planning of phased investigations -- 4.8 Field mapping and ground proofing of inferred geological faults -- 4.9 Geophysical surveys -- 4.10 Borehole drilling -- 4.11 In situ testing -- 4.12 Selection and preparation of samples -- 4.13 Laboratory and quality assurance testing -- 4.14 Field instrumentation and monitoring before construction -- 4.15 Pilot or test excavation/gallery -- 4.16 Reporting -- 4.17 Drillcore photographs -- 4.18 Long term storage of drillcore -- 5. Rock characterization -- 5.1 Regional and site geology -- 5.2 Tunnel alignment geology -- 5.3 Faults and fracture zones -- 5.4 Rock mass fractures -- 5.5 Rock strength -- 5.6 Rock mineralogy -- 5.7 Rock alteration -- 5.8 Rock abrasivity -- 5.9 Rock durability and swelling potential -- 5.10 Groundwater conditions, predicted inflows, and quality

5.11 In situ stresses -- 5.12 Rock mass quality -- 5.13 Tunnel alignment and section characterization -- 6. Rock tunnel design -- 6.1 Design criteria and basis -- 6.2 Technical standards and codes of practice -- 6.3 Tunnel cross section and internal geometrical requirements -- 6.4 Tunnel size and shape -- 6.5 Portal locations and support design -- 6.6 Horizontal alignment and separation -- 6.7 Vertical alignment -- 6.8 Practical grade -- 6.9 Intermediate or temporary access requirements -- 6.10 Drainage requirements -- 6.11 Invert requirements -- 6.12 Operational design requirements -- 6.13 Access requirements -- 6.14 Design of hydraulic pressure tunnels -- 6.15 Seismic design considerations for rock tunnels -- 6.16 Constructability of design -- 7. Tunnel stability -- 7.1 General -- 7.2 Probable modes of instability -- 7.3 Stability analyses and selection of parameters -- 7.4 Empirical assessments of stability -- 7.5 Kinematic stability assessment -- 7.6 Rock mass stability assessment -- 7.7 Discrete element rock mass stability assessment -- 7.8 Evaluation of overstressing and characterization -- 7.9 Tunnel stability at fault zones -- 7.10 Squeezing conditions -- 7.11 Stability of aging hydropower tunnels -- 7.12 Review of stability of existing tunnels in similar geology -- 8. Tunnel excavation -- 8.1 Practical considerations -- 8.2 Minimum construction size -- 8.3 Overbreak considerations -- 8.4 Drill and blast excavation -- 8.5 Blasting design -- 8.6 Chemical rock breaking without vibrations -- 8.7 Scaling -- 8.8 High speed drill and blast excavation for long tunnels -- 8.9 Sequential Excavation Method (SEM) for weak rock -- 8.10 Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) excavation -- 8.11 Assessment of TBM applicability -- 8.12 The use of TBMs in squeezing ground conditions -- 8.13 The use of TBMs for mining projects

8.14 Minimum technical specifications for TBMs -- 8.15 Roadheader excavation -- 8.16 Methods for inclined excavation -- 8.17 Shaft excavation -- 8.18 Cavern excavation -- 8.19 New and developing technologies for excavation in rock -- 8.20 Construction methodology evaluation and risks -- 9. Tunnel support -- 9.1 General design principles -- 9.2 Initial rock support -- 9.3 Final rock support -- 9.4 Practical installation -- 9.5 Portal support -- 9.6 Support components and typical products -- 9.6.1 Rock bolts -- 9.6.2 Cables -- 9.6.3 Mesh -- 9.6.4 Shotcrete -- 9.6.5 Lattice girders and steel sets -- 9.7 Tunnel support for severe overstressing and rockbursts -- 9.8 Tunnel support for squeezing conditions -- 9.9 Corrosion potential assessment -- 9.10 Pre-support requirements -- 9.11 Ground freezing -- 9.12 Tunnel stability and support design verification -- 10. Tunnel lining requirements -- 10.1 Purpose of tunnel linings in rock -- 10.2 Acceptability of unlined tunnels in rock -- 10.3 Shotcrete for final lining -- 10.4 Shotcrete for final lining of hydraulic tunnels -- 10.5 Cast-in-place concrete for final lining -- 10.6 One-pass concrete segmental lining with TBM excavation -- 10.7 Waterproofing requirements and applications -- 10.8 Fire protection requirements -- 11. Construction considerations -- 11.1 Site mobilization -- 11.2 Site preparation of camps, staging and laydown areas -- 11.3 Portal and shaft access -- 11.4 Ventilation -- 11.5 Construction water supply -- 11.6 Electrical supply -- 11.7 Construction pumps and sumps -- 11.8 Groundwater and construction water treatment -- 11.9 Environmental sampling and testing requirements -- 11.10 Spoil disposal -- 11.11 Tunnel support design implementation -- 11.12 Geological and geotechnical mapping requirements -- 11.13 Quality assurance inspections -- 11.14 Geotechnical instrumentation

12. Construction risks and mitigation measures -- 12.1 Portal hazards -- 12.2 Tunneling hazards -- 12.3 Stability influence between adjacent and existing tunnels -- 12.4 Groundwater control and management -- 12.5 Tunnel construction impacts and disturbances to the community -- 12.6 TBM entrapment and relief -- 12.7 TBM special problems and design features -- 12.8 Generation of fine materials during TBM excavation -- 12.9 Probe drilling -- 12.10 Pre-drainage -- 12.11 Pre-excavation grouting -- 12.12 Post-excavation grouting -- 12.13 Pilot tunnels -- 12.14 Investigative techniques during construction -- 12.15 Additional tunneling equipment and resources during construction -- 13. Construction cost estimation for rock tunnels -- 13.1 General -- 13.2 Costing standards and recommended procedures -- 13.3 Key assumptions for construction cost estimates -- 13.4 Direct construction costs -- 13.5 Indirect construction costs -- 13.6 Construction cost contingencies and profits -- 13.7 Client's costs -- 13.8 Total anticipated tunnel project cost -- 13.9 Probabilistic analysis of construction costs and geological uncertainty -- 13.10 Integrated cost and schedule risk analysis -- 13.11 Benchmark comparisons to similar projects -- 14. Construction scheduling for rock tunnels -- 14.1 Identification of key construction activities and graphic presentation -- 14.2 Procurement lead time for key equipment -- 14.3 Evaluation of realistic rates of productivity and working hours -- 14.4 Schedule contingencies for risk events -- 14.5 Critical path activities -- 15. Tunnel contract strategy and implementation -- 15.1 General -- 15.2 Contract documentation and types of contracts -- 15.3 Pre-qualification -- 15.4 Form of payment -- 15.5 Risk sharing and compensation for differing site conditions -- 15.6 Geotechnical baseline reports and implementation

15.7 Construction contract and scheduling management -- 15.8 Partnering -- 15.9 Dispute resolution -- 15.10 Claims management -- 16. Risk management -- 16.1 Risk management and practice -- 16.2 Qualitative risk assessments and risk registers -- 16.3 Risk allocation -- 16.4 Quantitative risk assessments -- 17. Inspection of rock tunnels -- 17.1 General -- 17.2 Manual inspections, data documentation, and safety practices -- 17.3 Unwatered inspections of hydraulic tunnels using ROVs -- 18. Renovation, repairs, and decommissioning -- 18.1 Renovation of rock tunnels -- 18.2 Repair of rock tunnels -- 18.3 Decommissioning of rock tunnels -- 19. Case histories and lessons learned -- 19.1 General -- 19.2 Lesotho Highlands Water Project Phase 1, Lesotho -- 19.3 Pacific Place Pedestrian Tunnel, Hong Kong -- 19.4 Taipei Ring Road Tunnels, Taiwan -- 19.5 Bolu Mountain Road Tunnel, Turkey -- 19.6 Gotthard Base Rail Tunnel, Switzerland -- 19.7 Seymour Capilano Twin Drinking Water Tunnels, Canada -- 19.8 Niagara Hydropower Tunnel, Canada -- 19.9 Arrowhead Inland Feeder Water Transfer Tunnels, USA -- 19.10 Canada Line Transit Tunnels, Canada -- 19.11 Ashlu Hydropower Tunnel, Canada -- 19.12 Forrest Kerr Hydropower Project, Canada -- 19.13 Rio Esti Hydropower Tunnel, Panama -- 19.14 Chacayes Hydropower Tunnel, Chile -- 19.15 Los Arandanos Hydropower Tunnels, Chile -- 19.16 Red Lake Gold Mine High Speed Tram Tunnel, Canada -- 19.17 Pascua Lama Mine Conveyor Tunnel, Chile -- 19.18 Los Condores Hydropower Tunnel, Chile -- 20. Engagement and roles and responsibilities of professionals -- 20.1 Engagement of professionals -- 20.2 Roles of professionals -- 20.2.1 General -- 20.2.2 Geologists -- 20.2.3 Geotechnical engineers -- 20.2.4 Civil engineers -- 20.2.5 Tunnel engineers -- 20.2.6 Independent technical experts -- 20.3 Responsibilities and liability of professionals

21. Health and safety