Principles of Lightning Physics

Uncharged leader concept based on induced charges 3-33.3 Comparing the outputs of the two leader models 3-5References 3-84 Verifying the concept of the bidirectional leader 4-14.1 How studying lightning strikes to aircraft has helped to solve the puzzle of lightning development4-14.1.1 Lightning radar echo 4-24.2 How does an aircraft trigger lightning? 4-4 vii4.3 Environmental conditions that lead to aircraft-triggered lightning 4-94.3.1 Hypothesis of a natural lightning-triggering mechanism in thunderstorms4-10References 4-135 Defining the types of lightning 5-15.1 The visible features of lightning flashes 5-15.2 Defining the types of lightning using the bidirectional,

Bipolar leader concept5-75.2.1 Intra-cloud flashes 5-75.2.2 Cloud-to-ground flashes 5-10References 5-146 The electrostatic theory of lightning discharges 6-16.1 Cloud potential and induced charges of lightning 6-16.2 The relationship between the electric fields produced by leaders and return strokes6-26.3 The relationship between lightning processes and space charges in thunderstorms6-46.3.1 Thunderstorm model 6-46.3.2 Development of the cloud-to-ground leader 6-66.3.3 Return stroke 6-116.3.4 Electric field changes produced by CG flashes 6-126.3.5 Development of the intra-cloud leader 6-136.4 Applications and limitations of the electrostatic model 6-14References 6-177 Lightning triggered by rockets with wire and by tall structures 7-17.1 The idea of artificially triggered lightning 7-17.2 Concept and features of the classic rocket-triggering lightning technique 7-27.2.1 Processes related to melting of the trailing wire 7-37.3 Concept and features of the altitude-triggered lightning.

Technique 7-67.4 Conditions required for triggering lightning with rocket-and-wire techniques7-77.5 On leaders and return strokes in rocket-triggered lightning 7-87.6 Upward lightning triggered by tall ground structures 7-97.6.1 Conditions for upward lightning initiation 7-9Principles of Lightning Physics viii7.6.2 Understanding luminosity variations in the upward-lightning channel7-137.7 Features of positive and negative leaders determined from studies of triggered lightning7-15References 7-188 Understanding current cutoff in lightning 8-18.1 Definition and manifestation of current cutoff in different lightning events8-18.2 The death of the leader in unbranched lightning channels 8-28.3 Current cutoff in branched leaders 8-38.3.1 The screening effect in single and branched channels 8-38.3.2 The role of branch-screening in current cutoff 8-48.4 Arc instability and current cutoff 8-8References 8-109 The phenomenon of recoil leaders 9-19.1 The nature of recoil and dart leaders 9-19.2.

The relationship between recoil leaders and M-events: cause and effect9-59.3 The electrostatic model of an M-event that produces an M-component9-99.3.1 The electrostatic model of a dart leader-return stroke sequence in CG flashes9-109.3.2 The electrostatic model of an M-event 9-129.4 The universal nature of M-events in lightning 9-14References 9-1510 The physical concept of recoil leader formation 10-110.1 The relationship between the internal electric field and current in lightning leaders10-110.2 Current cut off prior to the occurrence of recoil leaders 10-210.3 The development of recoil leaders 10-310.4 A proposed conceptual model of recoil leader formation 10-610.4.1 Recoil leader formation and polarity asymmetry in branched leaders10-910.5 Conclusion 10-11References 10-12Principles of Lightning Physics ix11 Some lightning protection issues viewed through the lens of lightning physics11-111.1 Striking distance versus the parameters of downward leaders in lightning protection of.