Quantum foundations and open quantum systems: lecture notes of the advanced school

The Advanced School on Quantum Foundations and Open Quantum Systems was an exceptional combination of lectures. These comprise lectures in standard physics and investigations on the foundations of quantum physics. On the one hand it included lectures on quantum information, quantum open systems, quantum transport and quantum solid state. On the other hand it included lectures on quantum measurement, models for elementary particles, sub-quantum structures and aspects on the philosophy and principles of quantum physics. The specialprogram of this school offered a broad outlook on the current an.

Preface; Contents; 1. The Physics of Quantum Computation; 1. Preliminary concepts; 1.1. From miniaturization to quantum technologies; 1.1.1. Semiclassical electrons in electronic devices; 1.1.2. Incoherent nanophysics; 1.1.3. Coherent nanoelectronics; 1.2. From bits to qubits; 1.2.1. Classical computation; 1.2.2. Reversibility and quantum computers; 1.3. Superpositions, entanglement, quantum parallelism; 1.3.1. The Bloch sphere; 1.3.2. Encoding a qubit; 1.3.3. Entanglement; 1.3.4. Quantum parallelism; 1.3.5. Quantum gates;1.4. Quantum speedup.

1.5. Concurrence in down conversion1.6. Schmidt number and von Neumann entropy; 1.7. Other measures of entanglement; 2. Communication and cryptography; 2.1. Information and channel capacity; 2.2. Quantum key distribution; 2.3. Quantum ghost imaging and secure image distribution; 3. Qudits and imaging; 3.1. Orbital angular momentum; 3.2. Entangled OAM pairs; 3.3. Quantum cryptography with OAM; 3.4. Digital spiral imaging; 3.5. Joint OAM spectra; 3.6. Mutual information and symmetry; 3.7. Imaging with entangled OAM;3.8. Pixel entanglement; 3.9. Conclusions; References.

1.5. Ingredients of quantum algorithms: Interference and measurement2. Qu…