The Shīʿite movement in Iraq

Tables and Maps p. 8 Note on Transliteration and Dates p. 9 Abbreviations p. 10 Foreword Sami Zubaida p. 13 Introduction: The US, War and Iraqi Shi`ism p. 15 The US Perspective p. 16 The Shi`ite Perspective in Exile p. 18 The Shi`ite Perspective in Iraq p. 22 Part 1 State, Nation and Islamism p. 29 1. Overview p. 31 The Literature p. 32 Theoretical Approaches p. 33 Major Primary Sources p. 37 2. Islamism, Fundamentalism, Communalism and the Nation-State p. 41 The Complexity of the Iraqi Case p. 41 The Changing Phases of Islamic Response p. 42 State, Society and Community p. 52 Part 2 Genesis and Mutation p. 73 Introduction p. 75 3. The Da`wa Founding Group: Defining the Self (1960-64) p. 78 The Legitimizing Process p. 78 4. Social Origins and Actors p. 95 Beginnings p. 95 Conflicting Meanings p. 99 Leadership p. 100 The Nature of the Initiators p. 103 The New Generation p. 104 Social Differentiation p. 105 5. The Formation of the Jama`at al-`Ulama in Najaf, 1960 p. 110 Senior `Ulama p. 110 Welfare and Education p. 113 Adhwa' and the Ideological Battle p. 114 Schisms and al-Sadr's Retreat p. 119 Jama`at al-`Ulama and the Islamic Party: Sociopolitical Issues p. 122 6. The Da`wa Party, 1963-68: From Universalism to Particularism p. 128 The February 1963 Coups p. 128 Under `Arif p. 131 Al-Shibibi's Memorandum p. 134 The Growth of the Da`wa p. 137 Part 3 Shi`ite Cultural Spaces: Marja`ism and Popular Rituals p. 143 Introduction p. 145 7. Sacred Money p. 146 The Collector of Zakat p. 147 Defining and Redefining the Khums p. 148 Rising and Diminishing Returns p. 150 8. The Transmission of Knowledge: The Traditional Madrasa and its Decline p. 152 Clash of Institutions p. 152 Shi`ite Madrasa: The Drive to Autonomy p. 154 Change and Transformation: The Phase of Decline p. 154 The Madrasa: Social Group and Social Organization p. 157 9. The Rise and Centralization of Marja`ism p. 159 Knowledge and Power: Major Concepts p. 160 The Social, Cultural and Juristic-Theological Divide: Usuli versus Akhbari p. 165 Tendencies Towards the Centralization of Marja`ism p. 169 The Disorder of the Marja` System p. 171 Attempts at the Institutionalization of Marja`ism: Musa al-Sadr, Baqir al-Sadr, Taliqani and Khomeini p. 179 10. `Ashura and the Arba`in: Popular Culture and the Politicizing of Redemptive Suffering p. 185 The Example of Twaireej p. 186 Local Solidarities, Social Actors p. 186 Structure of the Muharram Ritual p. 189 Cultural Cleavage: the Daghara Example p. 195 The Arba`in Pilgrimage: Pan-Shi`ite Identity p. 197 Part 4 Shi`ite Islamism and the Ba`th p. 199 11. From Peaceful Protest to Bloody Confrontation p. 201 The First Phase: 1968-78 p. 201 Ayatollah al-Hakim versus the Ba`th p. 202 The Execution of Da`wa Leaders p. 206 The Marad al-Ras Upheaval, February 1977: Ritual as an Instrument of Mass Politics p. 208 12. The Particularist-Political Model: The Origins and Structure of the MAI p. 216 13. Radicalization: 1979-82 p. 225 The Iranian Factor p. 225 Growing Militancy p. 227 Crackdown p. 231 14. The Formation and Development of SAIRI: Coercive Unification, War and Schisms, 1982-90 p. 235 The Formation of SAIRI p. 235 SAIRI's Structure p. 239 Strategy and Tactics p. 249 The Badr Army p. 253 Repercussions p. 254 Fracture Lines p. 255 15. Wartime, the Diaspora and the 1991 Uprisings p. 264 Iran's Failure p. 264 War and Nationalism p. 265 The Invasion of Kuwait p. 267 The Uprisings p. 269 Iraq Under Sanctions: Tribes and Religion p. 271 Part 5 Ideology: Sociopolitical and Economic Doctrines p. 275 16. Political Theory p. 277 Reformation: Two Trends p. 277 Al-Sadr: Liberal Hierocracy p. 280 Muhammad Bahr al-`Ulum: Liberal Islamism p. 288 17. Socioeconomic Doctrines p. 294 New Challenges p. 294 Al-Sadr: Non-capitalist, Rightful Islamic Distributionism p. 296 Al-Mudarisi: Cooperative Islam p. 307 Shirazi: Ethical Laissez-Faire Islam, Halal and Haram p. 310 Conclusion p. 315 Notes p. 320 Bibliography p. 354 Index p. 377.

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