Veterinary Head and Neck Imaging

Preface SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION TO HEAD AND NECK IMAGING IN ANIMALS 1 Some Basic Concepts about Head and Neck Anatomy 1.1 Terms of Location, Orientation, and Movement 1.2 External Features of the Head and Neck 1.3 Overview of Neuroanatomic Localization during Neuroimaging 1.3.1 Divisions of the Central Nervous System 1.3.2 Neuroaxis Localization 1.3.3 Clinical Descriptors for the Location of Intracranial Abnormalities References 2 Some Basic Concepts about Medical Imaging 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 What is an Image? 2.1.2 What is Medical Imaging? 2.2 Medical Imaging Devices 2.2.1 Imaging Technologies 2.2.2 Imaging Techniques, Applications,

and Examinations 2.3 The Medical Image 2.3.1 Picture Elements and Volumetric Picture Elements 2.3.2 Representing Tissue Characteristics through the Grayscale 2.3.3 Resolution 2.4 Image Evaluation 2.4.1 Getting Started 2.4.2 Imaging Signs and Patterns 2.4.3 Image Evaluation References SECTION 2 MUSCULOSKELETAL IMAGING 3 The Musculoskeletal System 3.1 Imaging Anatomy 3.1.1 Bone 3.1.2 Joints and Ligaments 3.1.3 Muscles and Tendons 3.1.3.1 Fascia and Fascial Compartments 3.2 Musculoskeletal Abnormalities 3.2.1 Developmental Malformations 3.2.1.1 Cranium, Face, and Craniocervical Junction 3.2.1.2 Vertebrae 3.2.2.

Degenerative Diseases 3.2.2.1 Joints 3.2.2.2 Vertebrae 3.2.3 Inflammatory Diseases 3.2.3.1 Infectious 3.2.3.2 Non-infectious 3.2.4 Neoplasia 3.2.5 Nutritional, Metabolic, Toxic Diseases 3.2.6 Trauma 3.2.6.1 Soft-tissue Trauma 3.2.6.2 Fracture 3.2.6.3 Dislocation References 4 Intervertebral Disks 4.1 Imaging Anatomy 4.2 Intervertebral Disk Abnormalities 4.2.1 Developmental Malformations 4.2.2 Infection/Inflammation 4.2.3 Trauma 4.2.4 Degeneration 4.2.5 Herniation References SECTION 3 NERVOUS SYSTEM IMAGING 5 Cerebrospinal Fluid 5.1 Imaging Anatomy 5.2 CSF Production, Absorption, and Flow 5.

3 Cerebrospinal Fluid Abnormalities 5.3.1 Intra-axial Fluid Accumulations 5.3.2 Extra-axial Fluid Accumulations 5.3.3 Intramedullary Fluid Accumulations 5.2.4 Extramedullary Fluid Accumulations References 6 The Central Nervous System 6.1 Imaging Anatomy 6.2 Brain and Spinal Cord Abnormalities 6.2.1 Imaging Patterns of CNS Disease 6.2.1.1 Some Additional Imaging Signs 6.2.1.2 Contrast Enhancement 6.2.2.

Secondary Intracranial Abnormalities 6.2.2.1 Intracranial Hypertension 6.2.2.2 Cerebral Edema 6.2.2.3 MRI Signs Induced by Seizures 6.2.2.4 Brain Herniation 6.2.2 Developmental Malformations 6.2.3 Vascular Disorders 6.2.3.1 Ischemia 6.2.3.2 Hemorrhage 6.2.3.3 Hemorrhagic Infarction 6.2.4 Trauma 6.2.4.1 Traumatic Brain Injury 6.2.4.2 Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury 6.2.5 Neoplasia 6.2.6 Inflammatory Diseases 6.2.6.1 Infectious 6.2.6.2 Non-Infectious 6.2.7 Degenerative Diseases References 7 The Peripheral Nervous System 7.1 Imaging Anatomy 7.1.1 Cranial Nerves 7.1.2 Spinal Nerves 7.1.2.1 The Cervical Nerves 7.1.2.2 The Brachial Plexus 7.1.2.3 The Sympathetic Division 7.2 Peripheral Nerve Abnormalities 7.2.1 Neoplasia 7.2.2 Trauma 7.2.3 Inflammatory Diseases 7.2.4 Compression.

7.2.1 Degenerative Diseases References SECTION 4 SPLANCHNIC (VISCERA), VASCULAR, AND SENSE ORGAN IMAGING 8 The Digestive System 8.1 Imaging Anatomy 8.1.1 Oral Cavity 8.1.2 Pharynx 8.1.3 Cervical Esophagus 8.2 Digestive Track Abnormalities 8.2.1 Developmental Malformations 8.2.2 Dysphagia 8.2.3 Neoplasia 8.2.4 Inflammation References 9 The Respiratory System 9.1 Imaging Anatomy 9.1.1 Nasal Cavities and External Nose 9.1.2 Paranasal Sinuses 9.1.3 Nasopharynx, Larynx, and Cervical Trachea 9.2 Respiratory Track Abnormalities 9.2.1. Developmental Anomalies 9.2.2. Inflammation/Infection 9.2.3. Neoplasms 9.2.4.

Degenerative Disorders References 10 Sense Organs, Circulatory System, and Endocrine System 10.1 Imaging Anatomy 10.1.1 Eye 10.1.2 Ear 10.1.3 Circulatory System 10.1.4 Endocrine System 10.2 Orbital Disorders 10.2.1 Trauma 10.2.2 Inflammatory Disease 10.2.3 Neoplasms 10.3 Ear Disorders 10.3.1 Ear Diseases 10.3.2 Guttural Pouch Disease 10.3.3 Imaging Patterns of Disease 10.4 Circulatory and Endocrine Disorders 10.4.1 Developmental Anomalies 10.4.2 Endocrine Disorders 10.4.3 Circulatory System Disorders References Index