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Unlike conventional oil resources, 'unconventional' resources have been known to exist only for the last few decades and are available in limited areas of the world. The most commonly known unconventional oils--oil sands, heavy oil, and bitumen--are found primarily in the wester…
Introduction -- Petroleum composition and upgrading -- Physical separation -- Thermal conversion -- Hydrogen addition -- Hydrogen -- Addition in the presence of catalysts -- In-situ combustion -- Hybrid and new concepts -- Future tendencies.
Heavy crude oils and bitumen represent more than 50% of all hydrocarbons available on the planet. These feedstocks have a low amount of distillable material and high level of contaminants that make their production, transportation, and refining difficult and costly by convention…