Lignin in polymer composites

Lignin in Polymer Composites presents the latest information on lignin, a natural polymer derived from renewable resources that has great potential as a reinforcement material in composites because it is non-toxic, inexpensive, available in large amounts, and is starting to be deployed in various materials applications due to its advantages over more traditional oil-based materials. This book reviews the state-of-the-art on the topic and their applications to composites, including thermoplastic, thermosets, rubber, foams, bioplastics, nanocomposites, and lignin-based carbon fiber composites. In addition, the book covers critical assessments on the economics of lignin, including a cost-performance analysis that discusses its strengths and weaknesses as a reinforcement material. Finally, the huge potential applications of lignin in industry are explored with respect to its low cost, recyclable properties, and fully biodegradable composites, and the way they apply to the automotive, construction, and packaging industries.

Front Cover -- Lignin in Polymer Composites -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Editor's Biography -- Preface -- 1 -- Sources of Lignin -- 1. Introduction to Lignin -- 2. Lignin Functions -- 3. Sources of Lignin -- 3.1 Wood -- 3.2 Pulp and Paper Industry -- 3.3 Sugarcane Bagasse -- 3.4 Agricultural Residues -- 4. Lignin Potential -- References -- 2 -- Extraction and Types of Lignin -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Commercial-Grade Lignins -- 2.1 Kraft Pulping -- 2.2 Sulfite Pulping -- 2.3 Soda Process -- 2.4 Organosolv Lignin

2.5 Steam Explosion Lignin (Hydrothermal Process)2.6 Dilute Acid Lignin -- 3. Conclusions -- References -- 3 -- Lignin Interunit Linkages and Model Compounds -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Common Linkages -- 3. Model Structure of Lignin -- 4. Model Compounds of Lignin -- 5. Advanced Characterization Technique -- 5.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 5.1.1 1H NMR -- 5.1.2 13C NMR -- 5.1.3 31P NMR -- 5.1.4 HSQC Analysis -- 5.2 Molecular Mass Spectrometry -- 5.2.1 Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

5.2.2 Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry6. Conclusions -- References -- 4 -- Techniques for Charac…