Multimedia environmental models: the fugacity approach

Multimedia Environmental Models: The Fugacity Approach, Third Edition, takes a broad approach of viewing chemical behavior in the total biosphere of connected biotic and abiotic compartments. Chemicals are subject to the laws of "mass balance," a constraint that provides the opportunity to establish quantitative expressions for chemical fate that are central to chemical management and regulatory legislation. This book employs both the conventional concentration-based procedures and those based on application of the more elegant and powerful concept of fugacity to characterize equilibrium, steady-state distribution, and time-dependent transport between environmental phases such as air, water, and soil. Organic chemicals are emphasized because they are more easily generalized when assessing environmental behavior. Features Illustrates professional approaches to calculating the fate of chemicals in the environment Explicitly details all worked examples in an annotated step-by-step fashion Presents real-life freely downloadable models of use to government, industry, and private consulting professionals and students alike Clarifies symbols and notation

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Authors -- Chapter 1 Basic Concepts -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Mass-Balance Concept -- 1.2.1 The Environment as Compartments -- 1.2.2 Closed Systems at Equilibrium -- 1.2.3 Open Systems at Steady State -- 1.2.4 Dynamic (Time-Variable) Open Systems -- 1.3 Steady State and Equilibrium -- 1.4 Residence and Characteristic Times -- 1.5 Transport Mechanisms -- 1.6 Key Chemical Properties -- 1.6.1 Partition Ratios -- 1.6.2 Hydrophobicity -- 1.6.3 Vapor Pressure -- 1.6.4 Fugacity

1.6.5 Ionization -- 1.6.6 Reactivity and Persistence -- Practice Problems for Chapter 1 -- Chapter 2 Equilibrium Partitioning -- 2.1 Partitioning Theory -- 2.1.1 Introduction -- 2.1.2 Fugacity and Concentration -- 2.2 Properties of Pure Substances -- 2.3 Properties of Solutes -- 2.3.1 Solution in the Gas Phase -- 2.3.2 Solution in Liquid Phases -- 2.3.3 Solutions of Ionizing Substances -- 2.4 Partition Ratios -- 2.4.1 Fugacity and Solubility Relationships -- 2.4.2 Air-Water Partitioning -- 2.4.3 Octanol-Water Partitioning -- 2.4.4 Octanol-Air Partitioning -- 2.4.5 Solubility in Water

2.4.6 Solubility in…