Optical Communication Systems: Limits and Possibilities

Telecommunications have underpinned social interaction and economic activity since the 19th century and have been increasingly reliant on optical fibers since their initial commercial deployment by BT in 1983. Today, mobile phone networks, data centers, and broadband services that facilitate our entertainment, commerce, and increasingly health provision are built on hidden optical fiber networks. However, recently it emerged that the fiber network is beginning to fill up, leading to the talk of a capacity crunch where the capacity still grows but struggles to keep up with the increasing demand. This book, featuring contributions by the suppliers of widely deployed simulation software and academic authors, illustrates the origins of the limited performance of an optical fiber from the engineering, physics, and information theoretic viewpoints. Solutions are then discussed by pioneers in each of the respective fields, with near-term solutions discussed by industrially based authors, and more speculative high-potential solutions discussed by leading academic groups.

4.4.1 Principle

Cover; Half Title; Title Page; Copyright Page; Contents; Preface; 1. Modelling High-Capacity Nonlinear Transmission Systems; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Nonlinear Fibre Propagation: From Single to Multimode; 1.2.1 Wave Equation; 1.2.2 Linear Propagation Effects; 1.2.2.1 Loss; 1.2.2.2 Chromatic dispersion; 1.2.2.3 Birefringence; 1.2.3 Nonlinear Propagation Effects; 1.2.4 The Scalar Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation; 1.2.5 The Manakov-PMD Equation; 1.2.6 Extension to SDM Systems Using Multimode Fibre; 1.3 Solving the Manakov-PMD Equation; 1.3.1 Signal Representations; 1.3.2 Numerical Methods

1.3.2.1 The split-step (Fourier) method1.3.2.2 Step-size control; 1.3.2.3 The coarse-step model; 1.3.3 Simulation Framework for SDM Systems; 1.4 Accurate Modelling of System-Level Nonlinear Impairments; 1.4.1 Self-Phase Modulation; 1.4.2 Intra-Channel Cross-Phase Modulation and Four-Wave Mixing; 1.4.3 Cross-Phase Modulation; 1.4.4 Four-Wave Mixing; 1.4.5 Signal-Noise Interaction; 1.4.6 Cross-Polarization Modulation; 1.4.7 Stimulated Raman Scattering; 1.4.8 The Nature of the Nonlinear Interference Noise; 1.5 Guidelines for Modelling High-Capacity Nonlinear Systems

1.5.1 Overview of System Performance Cr…