A. Yilmaz

In a world where foreign direct investment (FDI) has been growing rapidly, the issue of whether FDI and trade are substitutes or complements remains an important question. The theory behind FDI assumes substitution, but empirical research has also found evidence of complementari…

This study analyzed the development of elementary teacher training during the late Ottoman era and establishment years of the Turkish Republic. Historical and political aspects of the elementary teacher training institutions, including the Village Institutions movement were cons…