As a result of the various reforms of the mid-nineteenth century Tanzimat ('reorganisation') era, Ottoman authority in Iraq was much stronger and better administered by the 1870s, than it had been when the Ottomans imposed direct rule over the region in the 1830s. Drawing upon o…
As a result of the various reforms of the Tanzimat era, Ottoman authority in Iraq was much stronger and better administered by the 1870's than it had been when the Ottomans imposed direct rule over the region in the 1830's. This book is the first study of Ottoman centralization …
As a result of the various reforms of the mid-nineteenth century Tanzimat ('reorganisation') era, Ottoman authority in Iraq was much stronger and better administered by the 1870s, than it had been when the Ottomans imposed direct rule over the region in the 1830s. Drawing upon o…