Howell, Martha C.

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Martha C. Howell challenges dominant interpretations of the relationship between the so-called commercial revolution of late medieval Europe and the capitalist age that followed. She argues that the merchants, shopkeepers, artisans, and consumers in cities and courts throughout …

Martha C. Howell argues that the merchants, shopkeepers, artisans, and consumers in cities and courts throughout Western Europe were by no means proto-capitalist and did not consider their property a fungible asset. Even though they freely bought and sold property using sophisti…