Malik, Jamal

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Islamic South Asia has become a focal point in academia. Where did Muslims come from? How did they fare in interacting with Hindu cultures? How did they negotiate identity as ruling and ruled minorities and majorities? Part I covers early Muslim expansion and the formative phase…

Sayyid Ghulām ʿAlī Āzād Bilgrāmī (d. 1200/1786) was a major biographer of Muslim scholars, historiographers, and functionary elite in South Asia. He was born on 20 Ṣafar 1116/24 June 1704, in the flourishing qaṣba (garrison “town”) of Bilgram, in Awadh, North India. He claimed, …

Aḥmad Jīvan (d. 1130/1718) was a staunch Ḥanafī jurist in the times of Awrangzīb, who was known for his excellent faculty of memorisation. Because of his major contributions to the field of uṣūl al-fiqh (principles of jurisprudence), he made it to the royal court. In his volumin…

Early Muslim social differentiations in South Asia developed into caste categories and, by early modern times, even reflected structural analogies to the highly stratified Hindu varṇa system with regard to legal punishments that favoured the gentry (ashrāf , pl. shurafāʾ) , as l…

Faḍl-i Ḥaqq Khayrābādī (1797–1861) belonged to the functional elite in British India, hailing from Khairabad (Khayrābād), a famous qaṣba (garrison town) in Awadh, about eighty kilometres northwest of Lucknow, the residence of many public officers in the British service. Khairaba…

The Aḥrār Movement , or Majlis-i Aḥrār-i Islām (MAI, “Society of the Free Men of Islam”), was a small Panjabi Islamist movement founded in 1931. It grew out of the response of the Punjāb Khilafat (Panjāb Khilāfat) Committee (PKC, founded in the wake of the movement to safeguard …

ʿAbd al-Malik b. ʿAbd al-Ghafūr, called Shaykh Amānallāh Pānīpatī (b. 876/1471, d. 957/1550 or 958/1551), was a member of the widespread Qādiriyya Ṣūfī order. He lived in Panipat, an ancient city on the banks of the Yamuna, some ninety kilometres from Delhi. Its strategic locati…