A groundbreaking book that fundamentally opens the Central African Republic to African policymakers and scholars.
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A groundbreaking book that fundamentally opens the Central African Republic to African policymakers and scholars.
The origins of the Harakada Mujahidinta al-Shabab (HMS, in Somali Xarakada Mujaahidiinta al-Shabaab,* for Ar. Ḥarakat al-Shabāb al-Mujāhidīn, movement of the young combatants) are disputed, but it first appeared publicly in February 2006, at the beginning of the Mogadishu war, w…
Harakada al-Islah (in Somali, Xarakada al-Islaax,* Ar., Ḥarakat al-Iṣlāḥ, movement of reform), a Somalian offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood, was established in 1978—before the civil war that began in 1991—and survived because it chose not to involve itself in militarised politi…