Marsham, Andrew

Abū Saʿīd ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Samura b. Ḥabīb (d. 50 or 51/670 or 671) was a commander from the Qurashī tribe of ʿAbd Shams in the eastern frontier province of Sijistān (Sīstān) from 33/653–4 to 35/656 and again from about 38/658 to 46/667. He was a great-nephew of Umayya b. ʿAbd …

Fayʾ in classical legal thought is usually the collective wealth of Muslims derived from the taxation of conquered peoples. Fayʾ revenue is contrasted, on the one hand, with ghanīma , spoils taken through battle, and, on the other, with ṣadaqa (or zakāt ), alms paid by the Musli…

“ Commander of the Faithful ” (amīr al-muʾminīn) was the main title of the caliph in protocol and inscriptions. With the decline of caliphal power after the fourth/tenth century, rulers used it to express rival or independent authority, especially in western Islamic lands. In Su…

The bayʿa (or mubāyaʿa ) is a reciprocal pledge made between a Muslim leader and his followers. The prophet Muḥammad is said to have taken bayʿa s from his followers, notably the “second pledge at al-ʿAqaba,” where mutual obligations of assistance in war were exchanged with supp…