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The continued appearance of the American and Russion squadrons in 1853 and 1854 left Japan no option but to accept the new reality of Western naval might, and agree to the opening of a few of its ports. This book pieces together a picture of the competition and cooperation, dist…
Sub-titled A comparative study of the American, British, Dutch and Russian naval expeditions to compel the Tokugawa shogunate to conclude treaties and open ports to their ships , this highly informed and widely researched study provides for the first time a more complete picture…