O'Neal, Michael

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Abū ʿAlī ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Ḥusayn Ikhtiyār Amīr al-Muʾminīn (r. 544–56/1149–61), known to posterity as Jahān Sūz (lit., world-burner) for his vengeful sacking of the city of Ghazna, in present-day Afghanistan, is the Ghūrid ruler who first made the dynasty a major regional power. He …

The Ghūrids (or Shansabānīs) were a dynasty of independent Muslim rulers who conquered much of eastern Iran and northern India from the mid-sixth/twelfth century to the beginning of the seventh/thirteenth century. Arising from the mountains of present-day central Afghanistan, th…

Abū Saʿīd Altūntāsh al-Ḥājib (Altun Taş, d. 423/1032) was a Turkish ghulām (slave) commander under the early Ghaznavids and governor of Khwārazm from 408/1017. The name Altūntāsh means, in Turkic, “golden stone.” The first non-Iranian to bear the ancient title Khwārazmshāh, he f…