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From its beginning in the 8th century Islamic dialectical theology ( kalām ) was increasingly influenced by Peripatetical Logic. The 'orthodox' solutions of the main problems of Muslim theology are the result of centuries of dispute between scholars arguing on the basis of gramm…
Belief and unbelief are signified by the Arabic verbal nouns īmān and kufr , respectively. The question “what is ‘belief’?” (mā l-īmān) has been answered in Muslim theology through two different linguistic approaches. One focuses on the relation of name (ism) to sense and explai…