Abū Rayḥān (or al-Rayḥān) Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī (also spelt al-Bērūnī; b. 362/973, d. c.440/1048) was one of the most accomplished scientists of the Middle Ages, active in nearly all branches of science. His name was derived from Persian bīrūn (or bērūn , lit., outskirts).…
