"One of the current mysteries in Heliophysics is the heating of the solar atmosphere to temperatures that are orders of macagnitude hotter than the solar surface. As a result of this heating, the Sun cannot contain its atmosphere and a continual outflow of plasma streams out fro…
"The ionosphere is a layer within the atmosphere that consists of charged particles (i.e., electrons and ions) due to ionization of neutrals by solar radiation and energetic particle precipitation from the magnetosphere. The ionosphere extends from about 60 km above the Earth's …
"Since the advent of the electrical telegraph about 170 years ago, human technologies have greatly expanded in type and in purpose for civilian, commercial, and national security uses. These include electrical grids, pipelines, radar, wireless signaling, navigation, flying space…
"Since the advent of the electrical telegraph about 170 years ago, human technologies have greatly expanded in type and in purpose for civilian, commercial, and national security uses. These include electrical grids, pipelines, radar, wireless signaling, navigation, flying space…
"Earth's upper atmosphere is an open system that is strongly influenced by energy and momentum inputs from above, including solar radiation, solar wind, the magnetosphere, and from below by coupling with the lower atmosphere through large-scale waves. The upper atmosphere is a w…
"This book provides an overview of the magnetospheres in the solar system, from the small induced magnetospheres that form around unmagnetized bodies to the large magnetospheres of the giant planets. Magnetospheres are highly complex, structured and time-dependent systems consta…