When first sanctioned by Gregory IX c. 1236, the medieval, or as it is sometimes called, the papal-mendicant inquisition was in its incipient stages of formation. From the inquisition's earliest days, Franciscans were involved in inquisitorial activity as part and parcel of a br…
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Literally, the term Maqāsid al-Shari'ah has been translated as objectives of Islamic law by many Islamic scholars and yet, this term has been technically and theoretically used as a new legal doctrine in Islamic legal studies. This term has been used in a wider meaning with new …
Athanasius of Alexandria’s list of canonical scriptures has often been taken as a natural terminus in the long, inevitable process that led to the development of a fixed “New Testament.” Recently, however, a number of scholars have challenged this point of view, arguing instead …
Before the Second Vatican Council, ecclesiastical legislation reflected uniformity throughout the entire Church. The Second Vatican Council however, placed greater emphasis on canonical institutes that best provided for the good of souls (salus animarum ). Thus, to provide for t…
In the early fifteenth century, a great debate took place at the Council of Constance (1414-1418) over the morality, legality and propriety of crusades against non-Christians. This debate was not merely theoretical or abstract for it was the intellectual theater in a multi-theat…