Fur trade

In this research, I examined the trade of shell wampum beads with the Dutch and how the trade facilitated the creation and maintenance of social memory among the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. I used ESRI ArcMap 10.8 to map the frequencies of wampum at late sixteenth and seventeenth…

The Atlantic World as a source of historical inquiry has generated a great deal of scholarly research. Historians have changed how they look at empires, immigration, and networks of exchange. By making the ocean, and not a land mass or political entity the source of study, schol…

As the War of 1812 drew to a stalemate, the American government began the process of state formation in the “Old Northwest,” which put political, economic, and cultural pressures on the indigenous population. Among the Anishinaabeg, Menominee, Ho-Chunk, and other Native inhabita…

During the Kievan era (ca. 900–1240), Novgorod was the leading fur-trade center in western Eurasia. Situated in northwestern Russia, Novgorod lay along key routes connecting Northern Europe with Byzantium and the Islamic East, all of which acted as principle consumers of pelts b…

Over the decade spanning the 1830s, the Flathead tribe of Montana, on four separate occasions, sent representatives to St. Louis in search of black-robed priests and teachers. In the controversy surrounding the object of that visit, whether for the "Book" or for the "Black Robes…