The late Palaeocene to late Eocene period of Earth's history is characterised by remarkable change. Temperate ice free poles at the beginning of this period gradually cooled until permanent ice formed on Antarctica around 33.5 million years before present (Ma) and sea ice formed…
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The Arctic acts as both an indicator and a facilitator of global climate change. Many studies have identified the manifold changes in the Arctic hydrological system resulting from global warming. These changes have affected the freshwater balance of the northern North Atlantic a…
The scales over which ocean properties vary play a critical role in the assimilation of ocean data. Previous studies do not explore these scales in great detail and pre-Argo observations limited investigations to the upper ocean (<500m). In this study Argo data have been used to…
Emiliania huxleyi is a ubiquitous coccolithophore present throughout the global ocean and capable of forming large blooms with significant effects on the global carbon cycle. Developing our understanding of E. huxleyi ecology is necessary in order to better quantify E. huxleyi’s…
Uncertainty about the causes of glacial-interglacial CO2 variations demonstrates our incomplete grasp of fundamental processes that govern our climate and thus one of the foremost problems in palaeoceanography and Earth System Science regards the mechanism(s) responsible for nat…
Previous research has hinted at changes in the migratory patterns of seabirds nesting in Scotland, including a decreasing number of Northern Gannets Morus bassanus wintering in the North Sea, and an increase in numbers of Northern Gannets and Great Skuas Stercorarius skua spendi…
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are recognised globally as effective tools for protecting valuable and vulnerable marine ecosystems (habitats, species and communities), maintaining the biological diversity, and safeguarding the associated historical and cultural resources. MPAs ac…
As anthropogenic activities expand into the deep sea, it is only recently that the importance of deep-sea ecosystems and processes to global biogeochemical systems has become clear. If the potential impact of human activity upon deep-sea organisms and ecosystems is to be underst…
Complex deterministic models are an important tool for studying a wide range of systems. Often though, such models are computationally too expensive to perform the many runs required. In this case one option is to build a Gaussian process emulator which acts as a surrogate, enab…
Stable isotope methods offer a powerful means of investigating trophic interactions, allowing assessment of the relative importance of multiple nutrient sources to biological assemblages, as well as estimation of the trophic positions of consumers. Differences in the isotope rat…
The anomuran sub-family Lithodinae comprises a great diversity of morphological and ecological forms, whose global radiation has not been specifically addressed since the modern syntheses of plate tectonics, oceanography, species theory and cladistic systematics. The focus of th…
The atmospheric concentration of CO2 has risen considerably since the industrial revolution, and the subsequent uptake of atmospheric CO2 by the oceans has affected the carbonate system and caused a reduction in the pH of the oceans. Model estimates involving future CO2 emission…
The 3D Chirp sub–bottom profiler acquires a true 3D seismic volume with decimetric horizontal and centimetric vertical resolutions, providing an ideal platform for shallow–water engineering, archaeology, military, and geological studies. In this thesis, I show how simple process…
This thesis explores the nature and ubiquity of iron (Fe) inputs from sediments to the oceans. In the last 10 years continental shelf sediments have become widely recognised as important vectors for dissolved Fe inputs to the oceans, where bacterial dissimilatory Fe-reduction (D…
Acoustic measurements in sediments can remotely provide information about their physical properties. This thesis develops methods using high-resolution marine seismic reflection data to generate accurate, precise, and repeatable estimations of the in situ seismic quality factor …
The measurement of chemical concentrations within the oceans is crucial for our understanding of its biogeochemical processes. Such data is vital for; studies of climate and environment change; natural resource management; assessment of pollution, human impact and biodiversity. …
Bubbles, formed by breaking waves, play an important role in the transfer of gases between the Earth’s oceans and atmosphere and have been shown to increase the flux of gases during periods of heightened sea state. Having been formed, these bubble clouds evolve through the effec…
The problem of cross-shore beach face evolution in the swash zone is examined within the framework of the shallow water theory. A system comprising the shallow water and Exner equations is solved numerically using both uncoupled and fully coupled approaches. The uncoupled model …