Examines treaties between European colonists and Native people often negotiated on Indian terms but scrutinized by foreign powers against a background of English, Spanish, French, and Dutch imperial rivalries.
Paper Sovereigns demonstrates that treaty making and breaking in the early North Atlantic world involved complex struggles and crosscultural systems of negotiation, establishing Native American treaties as a powerful influence on European colonization.
In 1654, England's Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell conceived a plan of breathtaking ambition: the conquest of Spain's vast American empire. As the first phase of his Western Design, a large expedition sailed to the West Indies, under secret orders to take Spanish colonies. The En…
In 1654, England's Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell conceived a plan of breathtaking ambition: the conquest of Spain's vast American empire. As the first phase of his Western Design, a large expedition sailed to the West Indies, under secret orders to take Spanish colonies. The En…
Preparation -- Expectations -- Hispaniola -- Failure -- Jamaica -- Imagining -- Surviving -- Conquering -- Settling In 1654, England's Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell conceived a plan of breathtaking ambition: the conquest of Spain's vast American empire. As the first phase of h…
In 1654, England's Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell conceived a plan of breathtaking ambition: the conquest of Spain's vast American empire. As the first phase of his Western Design, a large expedition sailed to the West Indies, under secret orders to take Spanish colonies. The En…
