During the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48), the Habsburg family struggled to consolidate their power and exert control over the Holy Roman Empire. The Habsburgs used the Catholic faith as a method to centralize their public image and political power despite military defeats. Focusin…
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The effectiveness and the sustainability of the Holy Roman Empire remained a subject of debate over the past two centuries. While nationalist historians derided the lack of centralized institutions, revisionist historians after the Second World War largely stressed the positive …
It is now taken for granted that the globe is divided into mutually exclusive territories, each of which belong to a particular community. To be a political community, it is thought, means to have sole possession of a piece of the Earth’s surface and to have complete authority o…
The prevailing scholarly consensus holds that national ideas are exclusively modern phenomena which had no role in a pre-modern age of dynastic monarchy. And yet, during the Wars of Louis XIV (1667-1714), French and German political pamphleteers regularly mobilized national rhet…
The development of political modernity in Europe entailed a process whereby formerly important political forms increasingly lost significance and were transformed in a long process that led to the separation of individuals from political power, in the distinctive shape of modern…
Although many historians consider Joseph II's campaign of 1788 against the Ottoman Turks a failure, no one has yet provided a thorough account of it. This study attempts to put something into the void. Based mostly on original sources found in the Kriegsarchiv (War Archives) in …
As Sigismund of Luxembourg rose from being the King of Hungary to Holy Roman Emperor, he was threatened constantly by a variety of political, military, and religious dangers. Sigismund was forced to deal with relentless waves of invasion by the bellicose Ottoman Empire, and his …
The Czechs in the early modern period found themselves situated between two political and cultural giants: the Holy Roman and the Ottoman Empires. As the Hapsburg emperors in Vienna consolidated their power over the Czech lands and the Ottoman sultans in Istanbul threatened them…
In fifteenth-century Bohemia religious and political needs intersected in a revolution that affected the Church, the Empire, and all of Europe. The religious reformation started by Jan Hus became a political revolution in 1419 when many Czech nobles decided to deny the Bohemian …