The first line of host defense that limits infection in the early hours after exposure to microorganisms is known as innate immunity. Innate immunity has gained renewed interest, particularly, as a common evolutionarily ancient defense mechanism for both humans and insects. The …
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Immune activation is generally acknowledged to be costly. These costs are frequently assumed to result from trade-offs arising due to the reallocation of resources from other life-history traits to be invested in immunity. Here, I investigated the energetic basis of the costs as…
Hemorrhagic Enteritis (HE) vaccine is perhaps the most commonly used vaccine in the turkey industry. Although it provides protection against clinical disease, the vaccine is still thought to produce transient immunosuppression. In the field, HE still remains a significant concer…
The purpose of this study was to establish a theoretical impact of antibiotic misuse on the microbiome and its effects on immunity. Recent studies indicate the importance of a microbiome on the immune system. Both the leptin signaling pathways and CD4T cell production are influe…
Coccidiosis is a common enteric disease of turkeys that is caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Eimeria. There are about seven species of Eimeria that affect turkeys and of these E. adenoeides is the most pathogenic and commonly recognized. Infection with Eimeria…
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) disease and is one of the most lethal infectious diseases known throughout human history. Most individuals that become infected establish latent infection and have a low risk of reactivation. Currently,…
Welfare and health issues in pigs have become increasingly important to the public and in science. Worldwide, most commercial pigs are housed in rather barren, stimulus-poor housing conditions. These barren conditions limit the expression of their natural species-specific behavi…