Nineteenth century

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Throughout the period 1800-1906, education played a central role in the conflicts between tradition and change, and in the dilemmas involved in the process of modernization and westernization. Questions regarding the desirability or even the possibility of divorcing European lea…

By utilizing primary sources written in various languages, the preliminary work for a biography of the Tajik encyclopedist Ahmad Danesh (1827-1897) is prepared. Contrary to what Soviet historians had suggested, it is erroneous to consider Danesh as an "Enlightener," i.e., a cond…