Quantum Hall effect

Under the influence of a magnetic field, at low temperatures, charged particles confined in two-dimensional systems exhibit a remarkable range of macroscopic quantum phenomena such as the quantum Hall effects. A hallmark of these phenomena is the presence of unidirectional, topo…

Both experimentally and theoretically, the study of two-dimensional electron systems in strong magnetic fields is one of the most interesting topics in condensed-matter physics. In the presence of strong magnetic fields and low temperature the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQH…

The fractional quantum Hall effect is a prime example of collective behavior of strongly interacting electrons. Its excitations (quasiparticles) carry a fractional charge, and are expected to obey fractional statistics. While odd denominator fractional states are expected to hav…