This thesis addresses the relationship between sectarianism and state-making and nation-building in Iraq. It argues that sectarianism has been an enduring feature of the state-making trajectory in Iraq due to the failure of the modern nation-state to resolve inherent tensions be…
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This study investigates whether or not political opposition to secular governments is inherent in Shi'i political ideology. A historical review illustrates that throughout its history, Shi'i ideology has been used to advocate different political attitudes, ranging from political…
Martyrdom (shahadat), a historically revered concept among the Shiite sect of Islam, gained ubiquitous recognition in Iran during and after the 1979 revolution. References to the notion of martyrdom filled the public sphere as a myriad of speeches, sermons, articles, and books b…