There is increasing evidence that psychological stress and associated mood disorders are linked with, and can adversely affect the course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Stress is perceived to be relieved by smokers, and this, like a lack of knowledge about its adverse effe…
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Despite advancements in the treatment of individuals with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), many patients will require the need to utilize biological therapies during their disease course. Moreover, some patients with IBD develop disease manifestations outside of the GI (gastroi…