Buildings in areas of high seismicity may be subjected to large axial stresses as well as severe earthquake loading. In order to protect the integrity of these buildings, concrete columns must possess high compressive strength and adequate ductility. While the use of high streng…
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There are a large number of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings in seismically active areas of the world that are not designed and constructed in accordance with modern seismic design provisions. These buildings are vulnerable to severe damage or collapse due to their low lateral…
Joints are the most critical elements in a steel framed structure. In most design guides or codes, the joints are assumed to a have higher fire resistance than the connected structural members because of the lower temperatures in the joints. However, in severe fire conditions, a…