This study deals with a crisis Japan faced in 2004 when an Iraqi militant group took three Japanese civilians hostage in Iraq and threatened to kill them unless the Japanese government decided to withdraw the Self-Defense Forces (SDF) troops from Iraq. Although these civilians w…
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Overseas kidnapping of citizens by nonstate actors is a significant problem for Western countries, a major source of resources for terrorist and criminal organizations, and a traumatic or life-ending event for victims and their families. In this work, I examine what is known abo…