The political reforms in1998 has brought about changes in the social and political dynamics including the increase in the numbers of political parties and candidates competing in all levels of legislative and executive elections in Indonesia. This dissertation examines the facto…
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This dissertation investigates the question why some dictators allow opposition parties to compete and win in local elections. The question is intriguing because competitive local elections are risky for dictatorships. They provide an opportunity for the opposition to establish …
The study of electoral defence and its stated advantages are an integral part of American political science. Post-war, much academic literature has emerged in an attempt to identify and explain rising re-election rates of congressional incumbents and the political consequences o…
In 1519, after the death of Emperor Maximilian, the citizens of Vienna revolted against the emperor’s regency government and seized control of the city. This uprising soon expanded to the aristocratic estates, who joined forces with the urban rebels to challenge the authority of…
In the early American republic, local historical actors sought to create ideal “American” communities following the success of the American Revolution and the ratification of the United States Constitution. Through this process, the people of the new United States determined the…
In the Western Balkans, as an historical paradox, there are two Albanian states: Albania, who won its independence from Ottoman Empire in 1912, and Kosovo who declared its independence from Serbia in February 2008. Albania and Kosovo are two states with the majority of its citiz…