This study reads some Middle English poetry in terms of crusading, and it argues that the most prominent English poets, namely Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, and John Gower, were against the later crusades regardless of their target. However, since the anti-crusade voice of…
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This dissertation explores discourses, actions, and forms of Jewish pacifism in Weimar Germany. In a period of burgeoning German and international pacifist activity, Jews as pacifists were involved in Jewish-identified, secular, feminist, and predominantly male pacifist organiza…
This study explored the cognitive consequences of making conflicting belief systems conscious. It was hypothesized that American Jewish adults faced a conflict of values between their pacifistic and Zionistic beliefs when confronted with Israel's often violent reactions to the P…
Traditional accounts of the German Peace Movement before and during the Weimar Republic have generally focused on national-level organizations and high-profile figures and activists. This thesis makes use of ego-documents written in fall 1939 and winter of 1940 to place two lowe…
Just war or pacifism? The just war tradition has enjoyed a near monopoly within the Christian moral tradition. However, in recent decades pacifism has emerged as a serious contender within the Christian moral tradition. Both of these traditions cannot be right, but how do we cho…
This dissertation argues that Gandhian nonviolence (satyagraha ) only took root in the American pacifist community after a process of adaptation and modification. Reflecting their background in Social Gospel Christianity and progressivism, pacifists were initially reluctant to a…