In the year 167 BCE, Jews in Palestine began to face religious persecution under the rule of Antiochus IV Epiphanes. They faced the choice of assimilation or death. In this crisis, no consensus existed among Jews as to the proper response to the persecution. Four texts emerged f…
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Although 4 Ezra is an apocalypse, the first half of the book is comprised of three dialogues, a form usually associated with wisdom literature. The present study argues that these dialogues are meant to represent a debate between two schools of Jewish wisdom over questions of th…