The "tribute system" has been the central organizing concept for our thinking about historical East Asian politics since the 1940s. Despite its dominance in the literature, however, the concept remains ill-defined and underspecified. The extant frameworks constructed around the …
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Traditional Chinese dynasties viewed their interactions with foreign people in terms of the tribute system. Although the Chinese side always represented the relationship as its suzerainty over other states, the actual relations between China and its neighbors encompassed a wide …
This dissertation explores the dynamic of Muslim collaboration to the Qing conquest of Central Asia during the eighteenth century. By exploring the commercial nexus of empire building, this dissertation reveals the Qing empire as an early modern merchant empire, where trading in…