Currently the mammalian endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is known to contain at least 20 different protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) family members. The oxidoreductases in the PDI family are thought to catalyse the formation and rearrangement of disulphide bonds in newly synthesised …
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In the deformation of layered materials such as geological strata, or stacks of paper, mechanical properties compete with the geometry of layering. Smooth, rounded corners lead to voids between layers, while close packing leads to geometrically induced curvature singularities. W…