Thermal cracking is a major form of distress in much of the northern United States. Moreover, field performance data indicate that HMA mixtures in the intermountain region of the U.S. experience severe thermal cracking distresses that are not well covered by current technology. …
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Petroleum residua upgrading via thermal processes is restricted to low conversions due to asphaltene stability limitations. The high cost of hydroprocessing that requires high hydrogen flow and pressure affects the economics of upgrading residual oils. New economic means for upg…