Thesiss

The oral traditions in the Islamic world presented only the moral benefits of Jihad. Yet, the fact is that, though the moral benefits continued to exist before and after the First Crusade, though the interest seemed to have been present and the necessary intellectual theories co…

In the first half of the twelfth century CE, Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) imagined and provided justification for a new way to fold violence into the life of Christian discipleship, through the Knights Templar. In between the First and Second Crusade (1095-1146), the Order o…